Journal of
Yeast and Fungal Research

  • Abbreviation: J. Yeast Fungal Res.
  • Language: English
  • ISSN: 2141-2413
  • DOI: 10.5897/JYFR
  • Start Year: 2010
  • Published Articles: 136

Full Length Research Paper

Prevalence and risk factors for toe-nail onychomycosis among type 2 diabetic patients in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

Pulchérie Christiane Kiki Barro
  • Pulchérie Christiane Kiki Barro
  • Medical Mycology Laboratory, National Institute of Public Health, BP V 47 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
  • Google Scholar
Kpongbo Etienne Angora
  • Kpongbo Etienne Angora
  • Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Training Research Unit, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, University of Félix Houphouet-Boigny, BP V 34 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.
  • Google Scholar
Eugénie Yaudé
  • Eugénie Yaudé
  • Medical Mycology Laboratory, National Institute of Public Health, BP V 47 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
  • Google Scholar
Sébastien Assouhoun Jean Miézan
  • Sébastien Assouhoun Jean Miézan
  • Medical Mycology Laboratory, National Institute of Public Health, BP V 47 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
  • Google Scholar
Sounan Fidèle Toure
  • Sounan Fidèle Toure
  • Medical Mycology Laboratory, National Institute of Public Health, BP V 47 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
  • Google Scholar
Akoua Valérie Bédia-Tanoh
  • Akoua Valérie Bédia-Tanoh
  • Medical Mycology Laboratory, National Institute of Public Health, BP V 47 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
  • Google Scholar
Fulgence Kondo Kassi
  • Fulgence Kondo Kassi
  • Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Training Research Unit, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, University of Félix Houphouet-Boigny, BP V 34 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.
  • Google Scholar
Abibatou Konaté-Touré
  • Abibatou Konaté-Touré
  • Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Training Research Unit, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, University of Félix Houphouet-Boigny, BP V 34 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.
  • Google Scholar
Estelle Massafoma Koné
  • Estelle Massafoma Koné
  • Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Training Research Unit, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, University of Félix Houphouet-Boigny, BP V 34 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.
  • Google Scholar
Abo Henriette Vanga-Bosson
  • Abo Henriette Vanga-Bosson
  • Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Training Research Unit, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, University of Félix Houphouet-Boigny, BP V 34 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.
  • Google Scholar
Vincent Djohan
  • Vincent Djohan
  • Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Training Research Unit, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, University of Félix Houphouet-Boigny, BP V 34 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.
  • Google Scholar
Eby Ignace Hervé Menan
  • Eby Ignace Hervé Menan
  • Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Training Research Unit, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, University of Félix Houphouet-Boigny, BP V 34 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.
  • Google Scholar
William Yavo
  • William Yavo
  • Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences Training Research Unit, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, University of Félix Houphouet-Boigny, BP V 34 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.
  • Google Scholar


  •  Received: 14 July 2024
  •  Accepted: 07 October 2025
  •  Published: 31 December 2025

References

Abbas ZG, Chockalingam N, Lutale JK, Naemi R (2022). Predicting the risk of amputation and death in patients with diabetic foot ulcer. A long-term prospective cohort study of patients in Tanzania. Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism 5(3):e00336.
Crossref

 

Abuoglu HH, Gunay E, Ozkan S, Uzunoglu H, Adaleti R, Akyuz C, Kaya B (2019). Association between onychomycosis and foot ulcers in patients with diabetes mellitus. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 9(3):261?264.
Crossref

 
 

Adams C, Athanasoula E, Lee W, Mahmudova N, Vlahovic TC (2015). Environmental and Genetic Factors on the Development of Onychomycosis. Journal of Fungi 1(2):211?216.
Crossref

 
 

Agrawal S, Singal A, Grover C, Das S, Madhu SV (2023). Clinico-Mycological Study of Onychomycosis in Indian Diabetic Patients. Indian Dermatology Online Journal 14(6):807?813.
Crossref

 
 

Aka F (2025). Centre Anti-Diabétique d'Abidjan (CADA). Institut National de Santé Publique. 

Crossref

 
 

Akkus G, Evran M, Gungor D, Karakas M, Sert M, Tetiker T (2016). Tinea pedis and onychomycosis frequency in diabetes mellitus patients and diabetic foot ulcers. A cross sectional-observational study. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 32(4):891?895.
Crossref

 
 

Albucker SJ, Falotico JM, Choo ZN, Matushansky JT, Lipner SR (2023). Risk Factors and Treatment Trends for Onychomycosis?: A Case-Control Study of Onychomycosis Patients in the All of Us Research Program. Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) 9(7):712.
Crossref

 
 

Alrauosh H, Ababneh A, Bakri FG, Abujbara M, Kanaan H, Younes AN (2023). Prevalence and associated factors of toenail onychomycosis among patients with diabetes in Jordan. Current Diabetes Reviews. 20(1): e030423215425.
Crossref

 
 

Amrani M, Samouche M, Adadi S, Ben-saghroune H, Tlamçani Z (2022). Profil Epidemiologique Et Mycologique Des Onychomycoses Au Laboratoire De Parasitologie Et Mycologie Du Chu Hassan Ii De Fes (2017-2021). IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy And Biological Sciences 17(3):9?11.

 
 

Anyanechi CN, Ojinmah UR, Anyanechi CC, Nnaji TO, Ozoh GA (2024). Onychomycosis in Diabetics?: Prevalence, Clinical Features and Spectrum of Causative Fungi in South-Eastern Nigeria. West African Journal of Medicine 41(4):363?371.

 
 

Assadamongkol R, Lertwattanarak R, Wannachalee T, Bunyaratavej S, Leeyaphan C, Matthapan L (2016). Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Type of Organism in Fungal Foot Infection and Toenail Onychomycosis in Thai Diabetic Patients. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. Chotmaihet Thangphaet 99(6):659?664.

 
 

Azar MM (2024). Larone's medically important fungi?: A guide to identification, 7th Edition. Emerging infectious diseases 30(3):625?626.
Crossref

 
 

Bhatti R, Dogra D, Gupta V, Mahajan B, Rather PA (2025). Clinico-Mycological study of tinea pedis and toe nail onychomycosis: A multi-center study from Jammu. Indian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 5(1):54?60.
Crossref

 
 

Boateng D, Ayellah BB, Adjei DN, Agyemang C (2022). Contribution of diabetes to amputations in sub-Sahara Africa?: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Primary Care Diabetes 16(3):341?349.
Crossref

 
 

Brutsaert EF (2025). Complications du diabète sucré. LE MANUEL MERCK. 

View

 
 

Bunyaratavej S, Srinonprasert V, Kiratiwongwan R, Wongdama S, Leeyaphan C (2022). Onychomycosis in older adults: The age and associated factors affecting the complete cure rate. The Australasian Journal of Dermatology 63(1):74?80.
Crossref

 
 

Center for Food Security and Public Health (CFSPH) (2023). Dermatopytosis. Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine. 

View

 
 

Chang SJ, Hsu SC, Tien KJ, Hsiao JY, Lin SR, Chen HC, & Hsieh MC (2008). Metabolic syndrome associated with toenail onychomycosis in Taiwanese with diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Dermatology 47(5):467?472.
Crossref

 
 

Charan J, Biswas T (2013). How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research? Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 35(2):121?126.
Crossref

 
 

Chitra AG (2015). A Study on Mycological Profile of Onychomycosis in Diabetic Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital and their Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern. Asian Journal of Microbiology Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences 17(3):653-658.

 
 

de Hoog S, Walsh TJ, Ahmed SA, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Alexander BD, Arendrup MC, Babady E, Bai FY, Balada-Llasat JM, Borman A, Chowdhary A (2023). A conceptual framework for nomenclatural stability and validity of medically important fungi: a proposed global consensus guideline for fungal name changes supported by ABP, ASM, CLSI, ECMM, ESCMID-EFISG, EUCAST-AFST, FDLC, IDSA, ISHAM, MMSA, and MSGERC. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 61(11):e00873-00923.
Crossref

 
 

Diongue K, Ndiaye M, Seck MC, Diallo MA, Badiane AS, Ndiaye D (2017). Onychomycosis caused by Fusarium spp. in Dakar, Senegal: Epidemiological, clinical, and mycological study. Dermatology Research and Practice 2017:1268130.
Crossref

 
 

Djibril AM, Mossi EK, Djagadou AK, Balaka A, Tchamdja T, Moukaila R (2018). Pied diabétique: aspects épidémiologique, diagnostique, thérapeutique et évolutif à la Clinique Médico-chirurgicale du CHU Sylvanus Olympio de Lomé. The Pan African Medical Journal 30:4. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2018.30.4.14765
Crossref

 
 

Dogra S, Kumar B, Bhansali A, Chakrabarty A (2002). Epidemiology of onychomycosis in patients with diabetes mellitus in India. International Journal of Dermatology 41(10):647-651.
Crossref

 
 

Eba M, Njunda AL, Mouliom RN, Kwenti ET, Fuh AN, Nchanji GT, Atashili J (2016). Onychomycosis in diabetic patients in Fako Division of Cameroon: Prevalence, causative agents, associated factors and antifungal sensitivity patterns. BMC Research Notes 9(1):494.
Crossref

 
 

Edwards E, Yosipovitch G (2005). Skin Manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus. In Endotext MDText.com Incorporated.

Crossref

 
 

Ekeng BE, Kibone W, Itam-Eyo AE, Bongomin F (2023). Onychomycosis in patients with diabetes mellitus in Africa: A global scoping review, 2000-2021. Mycopathologia 188(3):173-182.
Crossref

 
 

Elbendary A, El Tawdy A, Zaki N, Alfishawy M, Rateb A (2015). Subclinical onychomycosis in patients with type II diabetes. Dermatology Reports 7(3):6099.
Crossref

 
 

ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, Collins BS, Hilliard ME, Isaacs D, Johnson EL, Kahan S, Khunti K, Leon J, Lyons SK, Perry ML, Prahalad P, Pratley RE, Seley JJ, Stanton RC, on behalf of the American Diabetes Association (2023). Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of care in diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care 46(Suppl 1):S19-S40.
Crossref

 
 

Enweluzo GO, Asoegwu CN, Alabi EO, Akinmokun IO, Ohadugha AGU, Nwawolo CC (2021). Predictors of lower extremity amputations in patients with diabetic foot ulcers and management outcome. West African Journal of Medicine 38(9):866-870.

 
 

Feng X, Ling B, Yang X, Liao W, Pan W, Yao Z (2015). Molecular identification of Candida species isolated from onychomycosis in Shanghai, China. Mycopathologia 180(5-6):365-371.
Crossref

 
 

Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021 Diabetes Collaborators (2023). Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet 402 (10397):203-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01301-6.
Crossref

 
 

Godman B, Basu D, Pillay Y, Almeida PHRF, Mwita JC, Rwegerera GM, Anand Paramadhas BD, Tiroyakgosi C, Patrick O, Niba LL, Sefah I, Oluka M, Guantai AN, Kibuule D, Kalemeera F, Mubita M, Fadare J, Ogunleye OO, Rampamba EM, Meyer JC (2020). Ongoing and planned activities to improve the management of patients with type 1 diabetes across Africa implications for the future. Hospital Practice (1995) 48(2):51-67.
Crossref

 
 
 

Gupta AK, Liddy A, Magal L, Shemer A, Cooper EA, Saunte DML, Wang T (2025). Onychomycosis in diabetics: A common infection with potentially serious complications. Life 15(8):1285.
Crossref

 
 

Gupta AK, Mays RR, Versteeg SG, Shear NH, Piguet V (2018). Update on current approaches to diagnosis and treatment of onychomycosis. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 16(12):929-938.
Crossref

 
 

Gupta AK, Taborda VBA, Taborda PRO, Shemer A, Summerbell RC, Nakrieko KA (2020). High prevalence of mixed infections in global onychomycosis. PLoS One 15(9):e0239648.
Crossref

 
 

Gupta AK, Wang T, Cooper EA, Summerbell RC, Piguet V, Tosti A, Piraccini BM (2023). A comprehensive review of nondermatophyte mould onychomycosis: Epidemiology, diagnosis and management. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 38(3):480-495.
Crossref

 
 

Hajoui FZM, Zeroual Z, Ghfir B, Moustachi A, Lyagoubi M, Aoufi S (2012). Les onychomycoses à moisissure au Maroc: À propos de 150 cas isolés en 20 ans. Journal de Mycologie Médicale 22(3):221-224.
Crossref

 
 

Ilkit M, Tanir F, Hazar S, Gümü?ay T, Akbab M (2005). Epidemiology of tinea pedis and toenail tinea unguium in worshippers in the mosques in Adana, Turkey. The Journal of Dermatology 32(9):698-704.
Crossref

 
 

International Diabetes Federation (2022). International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas 11th edition.

View

 
 

International Diabetes Federation (2024). Côte d'Ivoire Rapport national sur le diabète 2000-2050.

View

 
 

Jazdarehee A, Malekafzali L, Lee J, Lewis R, Mukovozov I (2022). Transmission of onychomycosis and dermatophytosis between household members: A scoping review. Journal of Fungi 8(1):60.
Crossref

 
 

Kafaie P, Kafaie P, Noorbala MT (2010). Evaluation of onychomycosis among diabetic patients of Yazd diabetic center. Journal of Pakistan Association of Dermatologists 20:217-221.

 
 

Kaplan H, Amod A, van Zyl FH, Reddy J, van Tonder A, Tsymbal E, McMaster A (2019). Incidence of hypoglycaemia in the South African population with diabetes: Results from the IDMPS Wave 7 study. Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa 24(2):58-64.
Crossref

 
 

Kotwal S, Sumbali G (2023). Prevalence of onychomycosis among diabetic population of District Doda (UT of J&K, India) - A five-year survey. Research Square.
Crossref

 
 

Labarca JA, Wagar EA, Grasmick AE, Kokkinos HM, Bruckner DA (1998). Critical evaluation of 4-week incubation for fungal cultures: Is the fourth week useful? Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36(12):3683-3685. DOI:10.1128/jcm.36.12.3683-3685.1998.
Crossref

 
 

Leelavathi M, Azimah MN, Kharuddin NF, Tzar MN (2013). Prevalence of toenail onychomycosis among diabetics at a primary care facility in Malaysia. The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 44(3):479-483.

 
 

Lemeshow S, Hosmer DW Jr, Klar J, Lwanga SK (1990). Adequacy of sample size in health studies. Wiley, Geneva.

View

 
 

Leung AKC, Lam JM, Leong KF, Hon KL, Barankin B, Leung AAM, Wong AHC (2020). Onychomycosis: An updated review. Inflammation and Allergy Drug Targets 14(1):32-45.
Crossref

 
 

Lipner SR, Scher RK (2015). Management of onychomycosis and co-existing tinea pedis. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 14(5):492-494.

 
 

Love E, Vlahovic T, Christie L (2019). The role of tinea pedis and onychomycosis prevention in diabetic education: A literature review. The Foot and Ankle Online Journal 12(3):2.

 
 

Malek R (2021). Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Africa: An updated narrative review. The North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 4(9):s87-s92.
Crossref

 
 

Marcos-Tejedor F, Mota M, Iglesias-Sánchez MJ, Mayordomo R, Gonçalves T (2021). Identification of fungi involved in onychomycosis in patients of a Spanish rural area. Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) 7(8):623.
Crossref

 
 

Mbanya JCN, Motala AA, Sobngwi E, Assah FK, Enoru ST (2010). Diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa. The Lancet 375(9733):2254-2266.
Crossref

 
 

Nanayakkara N, Ranasinha S, Gadowski A, Heritier S, Flack JR, Wischer N, Wong J, Zoungas S (2018). Age, age at diagnosis and diabetes duration are all associated with vascular complications in type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications 32(3):279-290.
Crossref

 
 

Navarro-Pérez D, Lázaro-Martínez JL, García-Oreja S, Pérez-Pérez T, Álvaro-Afonso FJ, Tardáguila-García A (2024). Prevalence and risk factors predicting onychomycosis in patients with and without diabetes mellitus in Spain: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Fungi 10(11):790.
Crossref

 
 

NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2017). Trends in obesity and diabetes across Africa from 1980 to 2014: An analysis of pooled population-based studies. International Journal of Epidemiology 46(5):1421-1432.

 
 

Nenoff P, Reinel D, Mayser P, Abeck D, Bezold G, Bosshard PP, Brasch J, Daeschlein G, Effendy I, Ginter-Hanselmayer G, Gräser Y, Hamm G, Hengge U, Hipler UC, Höger P, Kargl A, Kolb-Mäurer A, Krüger C, Malisiewicz B, Zidane M (2023). S1 Guideline onychomycosis. Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft (JDDG) 21(6):678-692.
Crossref

 
 

Odds FC, Bernaerts RI (1994). CHROMagar Candida, a new differential isolation medium for presumptive identification of clinically important Candida species. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 32(8):1923-1929.
Crossref

 
 

Piérard GE, Piérard-Franchimont C (2005). The nail under fungal siege in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Mycoses 48(5):339-342.
Crossref

 
 

Piorunek M, Kubisiak-Rzepczyk H, Trafas T, Piorunek T (2024). Superficial zoonotic mycoses in humans associated with cattle. Pathogens 13(10):848.
Crossref

 
 

Rodrigues CF, Rodrigues ME, Henriques M (2019). Candida spp. infections in patients with diabetes mellitus. Journal of clinical medicine 8(1):76.
Crossref

 
 

Saunte DML, Holgersen JB, Hædersdal M, Strauss G, Bitsch M, Svendsen OL, Arendrup MC, Svejgaard EL (2006). Prevalence of toe nail onychomycosis in diabetic patients. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 86(5).
Crossref

 
 

Segal E, Elad D (2021). Human and zoonotic dermatophytoses: Epidemiological aspects. Frontiers in Microbiology 12:713532.
Crossref

 
 

Sultana S, Jaigirdar QH, Islam MA, Azad AK (2018). Frequency of fungal species of onychomycosis between diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Mymensingh Medical Journal 27(4):752-756.

 
 

Szepietowski JC, Reich A, Garlowska E, Kulig M, Baran E, Onychomycosis Epidemiology Study Group (2006). Factors influencing coexistence of toenail onychomycosis with tinea pedis and other dermatomycoses: a survey of 2761 patients. Archives of Dermatology 142(10):1279-1284.
Crossref

 
 

Takehara K, Oe M, Tsunemi Y, Nagase T, Ohashi Y, Iizaka S, Ueki K, Tsukamoto K, Kadowaki T, Sanada H (2011). Factors associated with presence and severity of toenail onychomycosis in patients with diabetes: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies 48(9):1101-1108.
Crossref

 
 

Thammakumpee K, Chaivanit P (2021) The prevalence, risk factors, and type of organism in diabetic patients with onychomycosis. Chonburi Hospital Journal 46(1):29-29.

 
 

Thomas J, Jacobson GA, Narkowicz CK, Peterson GM, Burnet H, Sharpe C (2010). Toenail onychomycosis: An important global disease burden. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics 35(5):497-519.
Crossref

 
 

Toukabri N, Dhieb C, El Euch D, Rouissi M, Mokni M, Sadfi-Zouaoui N (2017). Prevalence, etiology, and risk factors of tinea pedis and tinea unguium in Tunisia. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2017:6835725.
Crossref

 
 

Traoré D, Sow DS, Konaté M, Sidibé O, Mariko M, Sy D, Traoré B, Dao K, Koné A, Doumbia N, Ouologuem N (2019). Problématique des amputations du pied diabétique. Mali Médical 34(4):1-5.

 
 

Trovato L, Calvo M, de Pasquale R, Scalia G, Oliveri S (2022). Prevalence of onychomycosis in diabetic patients: A case-control study performed at University Hospital Policlinico in Catania. Journal of Fungi 8(9):922.
Crossref

 
 

Ufkes N, Westerdahl S, Hopkins ZH, Florell SR (2023). Cutaneous dermatophyte infection as a marker of prediabetic hyperglycemia. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 143(5):S180.
Crossref

 
 

Warda MB (2018). Candida as pathogens of onychomycosis among elderly diabetic patients. Significances of Bioengineering and Biosciences 2(5).
Crossref

 
 

Wijesuriya TM, Kottahachchi J, Gunasekara TDCP, Bulugahapitiya U, Ranasinghe KNP, Neluka Fernando SS, Weerasekara MM (2015). Aspergillus species: An emerging pathogen in onychomycosis among diabetics. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 19(6):811-816.
Crossref