Full Length Research Paper
References
|
Abubakar AR, Haque M (2020). Preparation of Medicinal Plants: Basic Extraction and Fractionation Procedures for Experimental Purposes. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 12:1-10. |
|
|
Akintola AO, Kehinde BD, Ayoola PB, Ibikunle GJ, Oyewande EA, Arotayo RA, Bell, MO (2022). Antimalarial activity of the crude extract and solvent fractions of the stem of Momordica charantia in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Journal of Communicable Diseases 5(3):37-47. |
|
|
Alli LA, Adesokan AA, Salawu AO (2016). Antimalarial activity of fractions of aqueous extract of Acacia nilotica root. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology 5(2):180. |
|
|
Amoa Onguéné P, Ntie-Kang F, Lifongo LL, Ndom JC, Sippl W, Mbaze LMA (2013). The potential of anti-malarial compounds derived from African medicinal plants. Part I: A pharmacological evaluation of alkaloids and terpenoids. Malaria Journal 12:1-26. |
|
|
Arrey Tarkang P, Okalebo FA, Ayong LS, Agbor GA, Guantai AN (2014). Anti-malarial activity of a polyherbal product (Nefang) during early and established Plasmodium infection in rodent models. Malaria Journal 13:1-11. |
|
|
Arrow KJ, Panosian C, Gelband H (2004). The Human and Economic Burden of Malaria. National Academies Press (US). |
|
|
Bekono BD, Ntie-Kang F, Onguéné PA, Lifongo LL, Sippl W, Fester K, Owono LC (2020). The potential of anti-malarial compounds derived from African medicinal plants: a review of pharmacological evaluations from 2013 to 2019. Malaria Journal 19:1-35. |
|
|
Bitombo AN, Zintchem AAA, Atchadé ADT, Nyemeck IiNM, Bikobo DSN, Pegnyemb DE, Bochet CG (2021). Antiplasmodial activities of indole alkaloids from Tabernaemontana penduliflora K. Schum (Apocynaceae). Fitoterapia 153:104941. |
|
|
Boampong JN, Karikari AA, Ameyaw EO (2015). In vivo antiplasmodial and in vitro antioxidant properties of stem bark extracts of Haematostaphis barteri. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 5(6):446-450. |
|
|
Bommakanti V, Puthenparambil Ajikumar A, Sivi CM, Prakash G, Mundanat AS, Ahmad F, Rana SS (2023). An overview of herbal nutraceuticals, their extraction, formulation, therapeutic effects and potential toxicity. Separations 10(3):177. |
|
|
Borges A, José H, Homem V, Simões M (2020). Comparison of Techniques and Solvents on the Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Extracts from Acacia dealbata and Olea europaea. Antibiotics 9(2):48. |
|
|
Castelli F, Odolini S, Autino B, Foca E, Russo R (2010). Malaria prophylaxis: a comprehensive review. Pharmaceuticals 3(10):3212-3239. |
|
|
Christian AG, Akanimo EG, Ahunna AG, Nwakaego EM, Chimsorom CK (2014). Antimalarial potency of the methanol leaf extract of Maerua crassifolia Forssk (Capparaceae). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 4(1):35-39. |
|
|
Chuma J, Okungu V, Molyneux C (2010). Barriers to prompt and effective malaria treatment among the poorest population in Kenya. Malaria Journal 9:144. |
|
|
Deharo E, Bourdy G, Quenevo C, Munoz V, Ruiz G, Sauvain M (2001). A search for natural bioactive compounds in Bolivia through a multidisciplinary approach. Part V. Evaluation of the antimalarial activity of plants used by the Tacana Indians. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 77(1):91-98. |
|
|
Dhiman S (2019). Are malaria elimination efforts on right track? An analysis of gains achieved and challenges ahead. Infectious Diseases of Poverty 8:1-19. |
|
|
Du Preez I, Louw S, Mumbengegwi DR (2020). Chemical Composition and Inhibitory Effects of Guibourtia coleosperma against Plasmodium Parasites In Vitro. In: African Natural Plant Products, Volume III: Discoveries and Innovations in Chemistry, Bioactivity, and Applications. American Chemical Society pp. 153-170. |
|
|
du Preez-Bruwer I, Mumbengegwi DR, Louw S (2022). In vitro antimalarial properties and chemical composition of Diospyros chamaethamnus extracts. South African Journal of Botany 149:290-296. |
|
|
Dushimemaria F, Du Preez CI, Mumbengegwi DR (2017). Randomized anticancer and cytotoxicity activities of Guibourtia coleosperma and Diospyros chamaethamnus. African Journal of Traditional Complementary Alternative Medicine 14:1-7. |
|
|
Graz B, Kitua AY, Malebo HM (2011). To what extent can traditional medicine contribute a complementary or alternative solution to malaria control programmes? Malaria Journal 10:1-7. |
|
|
Hartung T (2024). The (misleading) role of animal models in drug development. Frontiers in Drug Discovery 4:1355044. |
|
|
Ikuno E, Matsumoto T, Okubo T, Itoi S, Sugita H (2008). Difference in the sensitivity to chemical compounds between female and male neonates of Daphnia magna. Environmental Toxicology: An International Journal 23(5):570-575. |
|
|
Kayiba NK, Yobi DM, Devleesschauwer B, Mvumbi DM, Kabututu PZ, Likwela JL, Speybroeck N (2021). Care-seeking behaviour and socio-economic burden associated with uncomplicated malaria in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Malaria Journal 20(1):260. |
|
|
Lajoie L, Fabiano-Tixier AS, Chemat F (2022). Water as green solvent: methods of solubilisation and extraction of natural products-past, present and future solutions. Pharmaceuticals 15(12):1507. |
|
|
Langhorne J, Quin SJ, Sanni LA (2002). Mouse models of blood-stage malaria infections: immune responses and cytokines involved in protection and pathology. Chemical Immunology 80(80):204-228. |
|
|
Mina PR, Kumar Y, Verma AK, Khan F, Tandon S, Pal A, Darokar MP (2020). Silymarin, a polyphenolic flavonoid impede Plasmodium falciparum growth through interaction with heme. Natural Product Research 34(18):2647-2651. |
|
|
Ministry of Health and Social Services (2017). Namibia Malaria Strategic Plan 2017-2022. Ministry of Health and Social Services of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia. This document is not electronically available; only hard copies are available. |
|
|
Mukherjee P, Roy S, Ghosh D, Nandi SK (2022). Role of animal models in biomedical research: a review. Laboratory Animal Research 38(1):18. |
|
|
Nafiu MO, Abdulsalam TA, Akanji MA (2013). Phytochemical analysis and antimalarial activity aqueous extract of Lecaniodiscus cupanioides root. Journal of Tropical Medicine 2013(1):605393. |
|
|
Nafuka SN (2014). In Vitro Antiplasmodial activity and phytochemicals screening of ethnomedicinal plants used to treat Malaria associated symptoms. |
|
|
Nafuka SN, Mumbengegwi DR (2014). Phytochemical analysis and in vitro anti-plasmodial activity of selected ethnomedicinal plants used to treat malaria associated symptoms in Northern Namibia. International Science and Technology Journal of Namibia pp. 078-093. |
|
|
Njateng GSS, Gatsing D, Mouokeu RS, Lunga PK, Kuiate JR (2013). In vitro and in vivo antidermatophytic activity of the dichloromethane-methanol (1: 1 v/v) extract from the stem bark of Polyscias fulva Hiern (Araliaceae). BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13:1-10. |
|
|
OECD (2002). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4. In: Test No. 420: Acute Oral Toxicity - Fixed Dose Procedure. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris. |
|
|
Omagha R, Idowu ET, Alimba CG, Otubanjo OA, Oyibo WA, Agbaje EO (2021). In vivo antiplasmodial activities and acute toxicity assessment of two plant cocktail extracts commonly used among Southwestern Nigerians. Journal of Parasitic Diseases pp. 1-11. |
|
|
Onwujekwe O, Uguru N, Etiaba E, Chikezie I, Uzochukwu B, Adjagba A (2013). The economic burden of malaria on households and the health system in Enugu State southeast Nigeria. PloS one 8(11):e78362. |
|
|
Orok AB, Ajibaye O, Aina OO, Iboma G, Adagyo Oboshi S, Iwalokun B (2021). Malaria interventions and control programes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A narrative review. Cogent Medicine 8(1):1940639. |
|
|
Otieno JN, Hosea KMM, Lyaruu HV, Mahunnah RLA (2008). Multi-plant or single-plant extracts, which is the most effective for local healing in Tanzania?. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 5(2):165-172. |
|
|
Ouji M, Augereau JM, Paloque L, Benoit-Vical F (2018). Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies: A sword of Damocles in the path toward malaria elimination. Parasite Paris France 25:24. |
|
|
Pandey A, Tripathi SM (2014). Concept of standardization, extraction and pre phytochemical screening strategies for herbal drug. Journal of Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry 2(5):115-119 |
|
|
Parvatkar PT, Diagne K, Zhao Y, Manetsch R (2024). Indoloquinoline Alkaloids as Antimalarials: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities. ChemMedChem 19:e202400254. |
|
|
Phuwajaroanpong A, Chaniad P, Plirat W, Phoopha S, Septama AW, Chukaew A, Punsawad C (2022). Antiplasmodial properties of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of ten herbal traditional recipes used in Thailand against Plasmodium falciparum. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7(12):417. |
|
|
Plaskova A, Mlcek J (2023). New insights of the application of water or ethanol-water plant extract rich in active compounds in food. Frontiers in Nutrition 10:1118761. |
|
|
Prachayasittikul S, Saraban P, Cherdtrakulkiat R, Ruchirawat S, Prachayasittikul V (2010). New bioactive triterpenoids and antimalarial activity of Diospyros rubra Lec. Excli Journal 9:1. |
|
|
Quattrocchi U (2016). CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology (5 Volume Set). CRC Press. |
|
|
Shretta R, Liu J, Cotter C (2017). Malaria Elimination and Eradication. In: Holmes KK, Bertozzi S, Bloom BR, Jha P (eds.), Major Infectious Diseases, 3rd edition. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, Washington (DC). |
|
|
Simba DO, Kakoko D, Nyamhanga T, Mrango Z, Mujinja P (2018). Improving prompt access to malaria diagnostics and treatment in rural remote areas using financial benefit for community health workers in Kilosa district, Tanzania. Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine pp. 137-146. |
|
|
Smith JL, Mumbengegwi D, Haindongo E, Cueto C, Roberts KW, Gosling R, Sturrock HJ (2021). Malaria risk factors in northern Namibia: the importance of occupation, age and mobility in characterizing high-risk populations. PLoS One 16(6):e0252690. |
|
|
Titanji VP, Zofou D, Ngemenya MN (2008). The antimalarial potential of medicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria in Cameroonian folk medicine. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines 5(3):302. |
|
|
Traore O, Ouedraogo A, Compaore M, Nikiema K, Zombre A, Kiendrebeogo M, Duez P (2021). Social perceptions of malaria and diagnostic-driven malaria treatment in Burkina Faso. Heliyon 7(1). |
|
|
Vaou N, Stavropoulou E, Voidarou C, Tsakris Z, Rozos G, Tsigalou C, Bezirtzoglou E (2022). Interactions between medical plant-derived bioactive compounds: Focus on antimicrobial combination effects. Antibiotics 11(8):1014. |
|
|
Wanyoike GN, Chhabra SC, Lang'at-Thoruwa CC, Omar SA (2004). Brine shrimp toxicity and antiplasmodial activity of five Kenyan medicinal plants. Journal of ethnopharmacology 90(1):129-133. |
|
|
World Health Organization (2023). World Malaria Report 2023. World Health Organization, Geneva. |
|
Copyright © 2026 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.
This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
