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This study examined the interplay between the dynamics relating to acquisition, consolidation, and utilisation of power and the reproduction or resistance of violence in the Rwenzori sub-region of Uganda. Guided by the Gramscian cultural hegemony theory, a qualitative case study design explored both primary and secondary data and thematically analysed it. Twelve interviews were conducted with key informants and local...
Moralized authoritarianism in the Sahel: Theory, measurement and empirical evidence (2020–2025)
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This article examines how contemporary authoritarian regimes stabilize despite weak economic performance, limited institutional credibility, and persistent crises. Explanations centered on coercion, material resources, or legal manipulation do not fully account for this durability. The article advances the concept of moralized authoritarianism to capture a mechanism of legitimation based on the normative reconfiguration of...
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Despite global commitments to advancing women’s participation in peace and security processes through United Nations Security Council Resolutions (UNSCRs), particularly UNSCR 1325, the involvement of women in post-conflict governance and peacebuilding in Borno State, Nigeria, remains limited. This study examines the extent to which the intervention of INGOs in Borno State promotes women’s participation in intervention...
Towards the revival of the CEPGL : in the footsteps of the achievements of its institutions
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The Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) was established to promote economic integration and facilitate the free movement of goods and people among Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Rwanda. Since its creation, the Community has recorded several institutional and sectoral achievements, particularly in energy, finance, and regional cooperation. However, recurrent armed conflicts and political...
Waning Public Trust and Executive Governance in Nigeria: The Buhari/APC Experience
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It was extremely difficult for the Buhari-led All Progressives Congress (APC) government in Nigeria to keep the public's faith. Public confidence, a need for democratic stability and effective leadership, was steadily declining during this period due to a combination of perceived corruption, inconsistent policies, insecurity, and subpar institutional performance. This study examines the mechanisms of waning public trust in...
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Economic insecurity and widening inequality have exposed fundamental shortcomings in modern welfare systems, calling into question the state’s ability to uphold its obligations under the social contract. While Social Contract Theory has long provided the philosophical foundation for governance and distributive justice, existing welfare models often fail to translate these ideals into equitable economic realities. This...
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Sovereignty, a key idea in international law, refers to a state's exclusive power and autonomy to rule itself free from outside intervention. It includes a state's rights over its borders, natural resources, and relations with its neighbors and the rest of the world. Over time, the idea of "sovereignty" has changed, with the conventional definition of "absolute sovereignty" giving way to a more complex interpretation that...
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Nigeria’s electoral process has long been undermined by credibility deficits, including fraud, manipulation, and pervasive public distrust in the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Despite reforms, elections frequently become flashpoints for ethno-regional contestation and post-election disputes, raising concerns about the legitimacy of democratic institutions. To address these systemic weaknesses, INEC...
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Kenya's historical diplomacy has balanced between pan-African solidarity and pragmatic realism; and the country's positions on disputed states and territories have shifted over time. This paper examines Kenya's 2025 endorsement of Morocco's autonomy offer for Western Sahara, a move away from the AU's long-standing support for the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), as well as Nairobi's cautious engagement with...
Assessing the Impact of Project 2025 on U.S.-Africa Relations
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This paper explores strategic recommendations for African nations to effectively navigate and leverage the transformative shifts in U.S.-Africa relations prompted by Project 2025, a conservative US policy framework prioritizing transactional, security-focused, and trade-oriented engagement. Given the anticipated reduction in traditional aid and an increased emphasis on trade and investment, African countries must diversify...
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This study examines the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and African Union (AU) policies on colonial border preservation and their impacts on African development, peace, and security from 1963 to 2024. Using qualitative critical analysis, historical-institutional examination, and comparative case studies across multiple African regions, the research reveals that continental institutions have systematically perpetuated...
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This paper examines the role of the National Peace Council (NPC) in conflict mediation and peacebuilding in Ghana. The research primarily attempts to assess the efficacy of the NPC in mediating political, ethnic, and electoral disputes founded on its operations, strategies, and impact on national cohesion. The research takes a systematic review of literature and qualitative methods, including key informant interviews, NPC...
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This article analyzes the link between the settlement of the indigenous Mbororo and pygmy of Cameroon and their de-indigenization. Indeed, the dynamic of settlement imposed by a combination of international factors (globalization, the promotion of human rights, the circulation of NGOs, colonial policies; national factors (the formation and territorialization of new States, internal migrations and local factors (the...
Diaspora and Institutional Partnerships in Cultural Diplomacy: Nigeria’s Soft Power in UK Relations
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Soft Power has become an issue of contemporary importance in influencing international policies, and a subset of soft power that has transcended national boundaries with the help of globalization and digitalization is cultural diplomacy. With digital communication breaking down national boundaries and cultural influnce becoming a swift and regular occurrence, cultural diplomacy has become a tool for building mutual...
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Homelessness is a multidimensional global issue with deep impacts on individuals, communities, nations, and the international system. This study explores the root causes and consequences of homelessness in Ethiopia, offering a multi-tiered analysis informed by global parallels. Drawing on desk-reviewed literature, the study highlights how individuals face deteriorated health, education, and employment outcomes; how...
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The Ethiopian Memorandum of Understanding with Somaliland and the conflict between Somalia and Ethiopia over Somaliland are prime examples of the complex geopolitics in the Horn of Africa. This study delves into the historical origins, current situation, and geopolitical ambitions connected to the conflict. By assessing the implications of the Somaliland issue and the Ethiopian agreement, the research aims to offer a...
Saving Democracy in Africa: Challenges, Strategies, and Implications for Governance and Development
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Democracy in Africa faces many and complex challenges, ranging from weak institutions and electoral malpractices to ethnic divisions and autocratic regimes. This paper explores the intricacies of these challenges and proposes comprehensive strategies to salvage democracy on the continent. The study analyzed the implications of democratic deficits for governance and development in Africa. The proposed strategies encompass...
The United Nations: Challenges and Opportunities for Global Governance in the 21st Century
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In the 21st century, the United Nations is faced with a multi-layered reality of challenge and opportunity in international governance. Geopolitical competitions, non-state actors, rapid technological changes, and global environmental crises pose serious challenges to the United Nations' mandate for promoting peace, security, and sustainable development. But hidden in these challenges are opportunities for the United...
How the absence of accountability mechanisms has exacerbated the Anglophone crisis in Cameroon
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This research examines the failed accountability mechanisms between La Republique du Cameroun and the British Southern Cameroon and how this has contributed to the Anglophone crisis. This paper adopts the institutional theory of direct and indirect rule to explain the role played by the different actors. The study findings reveal indeed, that a failed relationship between La Republique du Cameroun and the former British...
Women in Elections in Botswana: Reflections on the representation of women in Botswana’s Parliament
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Since attaining independence in 1966, Botswana has been recognized as a beacon of good governance and democracy. Botswana is a State party to several international and regional instruments that call for good governance and inclusive democracy. Among others Botswana is State party to the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (WPS) and the protocol to the African Union (AU)...
AES Policies on Security, Economic Challenges, and Geopolitical Shifts in the Sahel Region
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The Sahel region faces a complex interplay of security threats, economic stagnation, and socio-political instability. In response, the Alliance of Sahel States (AES) was established in 2023 to enhance military cooperation, economic resilience, and regional self-sufficiency. This study examines the effectiveness of AES policies in addressing these challenges, focusing on the relationship between military cooperation,...
Transforming Tensions into Cooperation: The GERD and Water Diplomacy in the Nile Basin
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This article provides an in-depth examination of the negotiations surrounding the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), utilizing vital theoretical frameworks in transboundary water management, including Hydro-Hegemony, Transboundary Water Interaction (TWI), and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). As a transformative project on the Nile River, the GERD challenges Egypt's historical dominance over Nile water...
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This paper discusses regional health diplomacy (RHD) conducted by IGAD, member states, partners, and civil society state and non-state actors in the region. Using the liberal-constructivist approach of the international relations theory, the paper highlights the multilayered negotiations and engagements involved in health diplomacy. The paper draws from the experiences of IGAD and partners in the implementation of...
THE ROLE OF THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) IN PROMOTING FREE TRADE AND REDUCING PROTECTIONISM
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The World Trade Organization (WTO) is dedicated to promoting free trade and mitigating protectionist measures through negotiated agreements, transparent practices, and a structured dispute resolution system. This study evaluates the WTO's effectiveness in these domains, particularly examining how its trade policies and enforcement strategies have contributed to the reduction of trade barriers. The utilizes theories of...
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The Lake Chad region has been plagued by terrorism, primarily perpetrated by Boko Haram, posing a significant threat to regional stability and development. In response, the governments of Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Cameroon, and Benin established the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) in 2012 to combat the activities of extremist groups operating in the area. Despite concerted efforts, terrorism persists, undermining peace...
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This study was undertaken to evaluate challenges affecting political parties in influencing public policy process in nascent hydrocarbon industry in Uganda. Public policy formulation for the nascent hydrocarbon industry in Uganda is a responsibility of parliament where various political parties are represented. However, the influence of political parties in the formulation of policies that guide the exploration and...
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This study involved the study of Uganda's tumultuous journey from the formation of liberation movements like FROLIMO and FRONASA to the establishment of the National Resistance Army (NRA) and subsequent governance under the National Resistance Movement (NRM), led by President Yoweri Museveni. The narrative traces the roots of the liberation war, beginning with the ideological inspiration drawn from FRELIMO's struggle for...
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The return of military rule in the Niger Republic from 2023 to 2024 posed significant challenges to democratic governance in Africa, highlighting the fragility of political institutions. Factors contributing to the military takeover included weak democratic institutions, corruption, and growing insecurity. The coup exacerbated political instability, economic decline, and social unrest in Niger, disrupting the country's...
The US democracy promotion in Africa: Current issues in the Nigerian case
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Many African countries have struggled with governance, alternating between democratic and autocratic rule, since attaining independence in the mid-twentieth century. Despite the military's incursion into politics in the immediate post-independence decade, the 1990s experienced a turn as there has been a wave and advancements in democratic governance in Africa. The start of the twenty-first century marked a new wave of...
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This research seeks to investigate the challenges of ending Boko Haram insurgency in the North-East through the activities of Operation Safe Corridor (OPSC), with particular reference to the Gujba Local Government Area (LGA) of Yobe State. Insurgency is scholarly termed irregular war, usually protracted and devastating. The North-East fell to the crisis of insurgency since 2009 that refused cessation. The insurgents have...
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This paper examines the recent upsurge of military interventions across the African continent. This study seeks to unravel whether these interventions represent a potential catalyst for substantial progress in Africa’s political and economic landscape or merely to perpetuate entrenched practices. At its core, the research delves into the pivotal choice between revolutionary upheaval and incremental reforms as mechanisms...
COMESA AND THE QUEST FOR MANAGEMENT OF INTRA-STATE CONFLICTS
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This study evaluates the process of managing conflicts within different sovereign states in the Southern and Eastern regions in Africa, particularly considering measures taken by the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) to attain security and peace and the challenges being faced. An explicit examination of the divergent challenges in the COMESA sub region highlights the fact that sub-regional and regional...
Nigeria and America’s Security Strategy in West Africa
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The United States, as a world power, participates as an Intrusive power in all regional orders especially West Africa. One of its main strategies is to organize and exploit its relations with regional powers in regulating regional order. In this wise, West Africa has become a very important region in the international order in which it accommodated regional actors that captured United States of America’s attention to...
REFLECTIONS ON AFRICANIST LITERATURE ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS DISCOURSE AND PRACTICE
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There have been major works on Africa (hereafter labelled Africanist literature) that are critical of International Relations as an academic discipline. The discipline is labelled ‘provincial IR’ or ‘Eurocentric’ rather than universal. This description is based on an assumption that IR reflects western experience and values and that IR concepts and theoretical postulates are ‘parochial views that rarely correspond to the...
Africa's Integration Trajectory: Unveiling the Triad of Economy, Institutions, and Politics
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Similar to many regions globally, Africa has witnessed significant enthusiasm for regionalism. The push for Integration across the continent initially arose from a shared commitment to tackle common challenges with the thinking that regional Integration in Africa has the potential to fuel robust and equitable economic growth, mitigate poverty and unemployment, and drive initiatives for intra-regional trade and security....
NATO’s Strategy and Its Involvement in the Russian-Ukraine Crisis: A Reflective Analysis
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Sovereignty and non-interference in the internal affairs of states are foundational stones of the Westphalian system. Since the collapse of the erstwhile Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine has been a sovereign country seeking for a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) membership. Russia has ardently opposed this position, arguing that Ukraine's admission would automatically mean the expansion of NATO to its borders,...
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The paper tries to analyze the dilemmas revolving around one of the regions of Ethiopia named Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People’s regional state which I here onwards refers SNNPRS. The region is comprised of some 56 nations and nationalities some of which are currently demanding their own regional states. Due to such demands of the public and internal problems of the region, the government has now decided to...
Post-Independence Eritrea: Political Ideologies and Human right in Focus
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The title of the research is Post-Independence Eritrea: Political Ideologies and Human Rights in Focus. Eritrea faced lots of ups and downs after its independence from Ethiopia. Many people sacrificed their lives for independence because they expected change, prosperity, and above all free country that can grant every possible political right to its people. The expectation of many people including families of martyrs...
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The purpose of this study was to understand economic-induced migration as a security threat to regional stability, with reference to Zimbabweans migrating to South Africa. The research employed the qualitative research methodology, and a case study research design. Primary data was obtained from the key informants, and secondary data from peer-reviewed articles, newspapers, and books. The results indicated that the causes...
What makes Africa Attractive to Developed countries?
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Purpose: The main aim of this study was to explore the factors that contribute to the attractiveness of Africa in developed countries. Research design: In this study, a qualitative research design was used by involving interviews and focus group discussions to gain an in-depth understanding of the reasons that make Africa attractive to developed countries. Methodology: Data sources: The sources of data for this study...
NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY: CASE STUDY OF NORTH KOREA
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The issue of nuclear proliferation has been a significant concern for international security, with North Korea at the forefront of this debate. This study aims to investigate why despite the international community's efforts to curb North Korea's nuclear program through sanctions, negotiations, and military threats, the regime has continued to develop its nuclear arsenal. The study employs a qualitative research approach,...
‘New Wave’ of Nationalism in Ethiopian Politics: An Impediment for Nation Building
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In recent time Ethiopia witnessed new political circumstances that altered the political landscape of the country. Coupled with a good many political anecdotes, this new phenomenon has been reinvigorating the nationalism discourse and becoming a grand predicament for nation engineering in the country. The trend even leads to extreme form of nationalism; ultra nationalism that will be a peril for the nation building that...
Understanding the role of Conference of the Parties (COPs) in addressing Climate Change Challenges
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The effect of climate change is not abating, despite the numerous agreements entered into effect since the United Convention on Climate Change/UNCCC in 1992 and the over two dozen of international meetings of stakeholders to halt or reverse global warming and climate change. The general consensus among climate scientists and various communities in countries across the world is that heat waves, droughts, wild fires, floods...
Addressing Economic Inequalities and Poverty in Ghana
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In the last two decades, Ghana has achieved some economic growth since the re-launch of democratic governance in the 1990’s, though this is becoming very volatile in recent past. Ghana’s upward development averaged 5.8 percent out of the thirteen years of the last two decades. In 2009, this growth period halted due to the global economic crisis which reduced the rate to 4 percent. Macro-economic indicators picked up in...
THE BATTLE OF ADWA: A CONTINUATION OF FOREIGN POLICY BY OTHER MEANS
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War as a continuation of diplomacy in international relations can be made either to maximize power as offensive realism explains or to maximize security as defensive realism suggests. The later resonates well with Ethiopia’s diplomatic history. Ethiopia in the history of its foreign policies strived to gain an appropriate amount of power to survive amid the anarchic world and more particularly amid the scramble for Africa....
IMPLICATIONS OF SINO-RUSSIAN GEOSTRATEGIC ALIGNMENT ON U.S POLICY ON VENEZUELA
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The past decade has witnessed continued increases of Sino-Russian mutuality, rapprochement and cooperation. In many ways, Sino-Russian geostrategic alignment has significantly altered the manner in which the United States (U.S) exercises its power and influence across the globe, especially in its ‘regions’ of strategic interest. In essence this article attempts to answer the following questions: How does Sino-Russian...
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What is fascinating in the Bull's book titled the Anarchical Society: A Study Order in World Politics is that this book is undoubtedly one of the ways in which the field of interdisciplinary discussion and combined theories of other profits have provided. Contrary to what many may claim that his work is a classic book today that cannot be found in relatively contemporary complex theories, his book remains still, to a good...
Non-State Actors’ influence on Zimbabwe’s re-engagement efforts with the United Kingdom since 2017
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The aim of the study was to explore the problematic nature of Zimbabwe’s re-engagement foreign policy from a non-state actor perspective. The findings of this research were that Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in the governance sector were powerful and they had a major impact on Zimbabwe’s foreign policy outcomes, especially with Western countries. It was discovered that the actions of non-state actors, especially in...
Tracing Rhetoric to Comprehend Contemporary Sino-Ghana Economic Policy Initiatives
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Theories advanced in the political economy literature concerning China’s presence in Africa have often focused on Beijing’s motive, leaving under theorized the dynamics that may be causing the responsiveness and embrace of China by these African states. The president of Ghana at the 73rd UN General Assembly defended Chinese investment for Africa and described China as the new avenue that Africans can resort to address...
A Critical Evaluation of Thirty Years of State-Civil Society Relations in Zambia, 1991 – 2021.
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This paper aimed to assess the relations between the state and civil society in Zambia in the last thirty years of the country’s plural political dispensation. The study sought to establish the extent to which both the state and civil society regard each other to be genuine associates to the cause of national development. The areas of study focus were on human rights protection, adherence to the rule of law, economic...
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