<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.0 20040830//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/2.0/journalpublishing.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="2.0" xml:lang="EN">
  <front>    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title>Scientific Research and Essays</journal-title>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1992-2248</issn>      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Academic Journals</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5897/SRE2020.6674</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title><![CDATA[Haemoglobin genetic types and its association with qualitative traits in West African Dwarf sheep]]></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Fajemilehin</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Oladipo</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Adegun</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Kikelomo</given-names>
	          </name>	
        	        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
		<corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email xlink:type="simple">dipofajemilehin@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
      	<day>31</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <history>
      			<date date-type="received">
			<day>06</day>
			<month>04</month>
			<year>2020</year>
		</date>
						<date date-type="accepted">
			<day>19</day>
			<month>06</month>
			<year>2020</year>
		</date>
			  </history>
      <volume>15</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
	  	  <fpage>64</fpage>
	  <lpage>68</lpage>
      <permissions>
		<license xlink:type="simple">
			<license-p>
			This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
			</license-p>
		</license>
	  </permissions>
	  <self-uri xlink:href="http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/SRE/article-abstract/8598B4B64525">
		This article is available from http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/SRE/article-abstract/8598B4B64525	  </self-uri>
	  <self-uri xlink:href="http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/SRE/article-full-text-pdf/8598B4B64525">
		The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/SRE/article-full-text-pdf/8598B4B64525	  </self-uri>
	  
      <abstract><![CDATA[This study was carried out to investigate the haemoglobin genetic types and their association with qualitative traits in West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep. The Modified Stratified Sampling Technique (MSST) was used to select the sampling sites within the selected state and animal samples within the sampling sites. A total of 280 adult sheep comprising 140 rams and 140 ewes aged 4 years were used for the study. Data were collected on Mendelian traits such as the horn status, wattle status and hair length on sex basis. Blood samples were collected from the animals for haemoglobin genetic typesrsquo; determination. The results showed that in ewes, the f(HbAA), f(HbAB) and f(HbBB) were 0.36, 0.28 and 0.36, respectively and the f(HbA) and f(HbB) was 0.50 in both alleles.  In rams, the f(HbAA), f(HbAB) and f(HbBB) were 0.68, 0.14 and 0.18, respectively and the f(HbA) and f(HbB) were 0.75 and 0.25, respectively. In the pooled data, f(HbAA), f(HbAB) and f(HbBB) were 0.68, 0.14 and 0.18, respectively and the f(HbA) and f(HbB) were 0.625 and 0.375, respectively.  The estimated heterozygosity was 0.47 and the estimated local inbreeding coefficient was 0.054. The hair length indicated sexual dimorphism with 12.79 to 12.98 cm in rams and 4.79 to 4.98 cm in ewes but was not dependent on the heamoglobin genetic types. The result shows that the status of wattles is not influenced by sex. The WAD sheep used had three haemoglobin genotypes under the control of two alleles at the haemoglobin locus.

	Key words: Ewe, haemoglobin genetic type, inbreeding coefficient, Mendelian traits, ram.]]></abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
      <body/>
    <back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
						<ref id="ref1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Agaviezor BO, Ajayi FO, Benneth HN (2013). Haemoglobin polymorphism in Nigerian indigenous goats in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Nature 4(3):415-419.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Akinyemi MO, Salako AE (2010). Haemoglobin polymorphism and morphometrical correlates in the West African Dwarf Sheep of Nigeria. International Journal of Morphology. 28(1):205-208.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Arora R, Bhatia S, Mishra BP, Joshi BK (2011). Population structure in Indian sheep ascertained using microsatellite information. Animal Genetics 42:242-250.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Camoglu G, Elmaci C (2005). Carbonic Anhydrase (Ca) and X- Protein(X-p) Types in Turkish Sheep Breeds. Journal of Applied Animal Research 28:125-128.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Dafur BS, Darfur GS, Anwo OJ (2019). Haemoglobin polymorphism in Nigerian breeds of sheep and goats. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science 21(1).]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Di Stasio L (1997). Biochemical genetics. In: Genetics of sheep. Piper L and Runvisky A (Eds), Oxon, CAB International, pp. 133-148.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[FAO (1988). Food and Agricultural Organization. Animal genetic resources conservation by management, data banks and Training. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 44/1. Rome, FAO. P. 186.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[FAO (2011). Food and Agricultural Organization. Draft guidelines on molecular genetic characterization of animal genetic resources. Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, 13th Regular Session, 18- 22 July, 2011, Rome.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Gerald W (1994). The tropical agriculturalist Macmillian Press Ltd. London, pp. 54-57]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Gifford-Gonzalez D, Hanotte O (2011). Domesticating Animals in Africa: Implications of Genetic and Archaeological Findings. Journal of World Prehistory 24(1):1-23.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref11">
				<label>11</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Ibeagha-Awemu EM, Erhardt G (2004). Genetic variations between African and German sheep breeds and description of a new variant of vitamin D-binding protein. Small Ruminant Research 55:33-43.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref12">
				<label>12</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Imumorin IG, Ologun AG, Oyeyemi MO (1999). Preliminary observations on effects of hemoglobin genotype and estimate of genetic distance at the Hb locus in West African Dwarf and Red Sokoto goats. Tropical Journal of Animal Science 1:1-9.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref13">
				<label>13</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Mabruka SHS, Ahmad AAS (2018). Preliminary investigation of hemoglobin polymorphism and its association with some morphometric traits and hematological parameters of sheep and goats in northeastern Libya. International Journal of Advanced Research 6(10):507-515.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref14">
				<label>14</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Musa J, Garba H, Egena SSA, Aremu A (2016). Genetic variation of different phenotypes of West African Dwarf Goat based on haemoglobin polymorphism in Gulu, Niger State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment 12(3):108-113]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref15">
				<label>15</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Osaiyuwu HO, Salako EA (2018). Genetic structure of indigenous sheep breeds in Nigeria based on electrophoretic polymorphous systems of transferrin and haemoglobin. African Journal of Biotechnology 17(12):380-388.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref16">
				<label>16</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Petazzi F, Rubino G, Alloggio I, Caroli A, Pieragostini E (2009). Relationships among functional markers, management, and husbandry in sheep: A Mediterranean case study. Veterinary Resource Communication 33:865-874.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref17">
				<label>17</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[RIKEN (2006). Institute of Physical and Chemical Research. Genetic quality monitoring by Biochemical isozymes. Riken Bioresource Centre.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref18">
				<label>18</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Rodero E, de la Haba MR, Rodero A, Herrera M (1996). Genetics and phenotypic profile of endangered Andalusian sheep and goat breeds. Rome, FAO, 1996.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref19">
				<label>19</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Salako AE, Ngere LO (2002). Application of multifactorial discriminant analysis in the morphometric structural differentiation of West African Dwarf (WAD) and Yankassa sheep in South West Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 29(2):163-167.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref20">
				<label>20</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Shahrbabak HM, Farahani AHK, Shahrbabak MM, Yeganeh HM (2010). Genetic variations between indigenous fat-tailed sheep populations. African Journal of Biotechnology 9:5993-5996.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref21">
				<label>21</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[SPSS (1989). Statistical Packages for Social Sciences. SPSS for Windows 6.1.3. Copyright Q SPSS Inc., v 1989-2000. Istanbul, Turkey.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref22">
				<label>22</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Sun W, Musa, HH, Chang H, Tsunoda K (2009). Comparison of genetic detection efficiency of different markers under the same genetic background. African Journal of Biotechnology 8:2437-2442.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref23">
				<label>23</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Takezaki N, Nei M (1996). Genetic distances and reconstruction of phylogenetic trees from microsatellite DNA. Genetics144:389-399.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref24">
				<label>24</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Tella MA, Taiwo VO, Agbede SA, Alonge OD (2000). The influence of haemoglobin types on the incidence of babesiosis and anaplasmosis in West African Dwarf and Yankasa sheep. Tropical Veterinary Journal 18:121-127.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref25">
				<label>25</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Tsunoda K, Chang H, Chang G, Sun W, Dorji T, Tshering G, Yamamoto Y, Namikawa T (2010). Phylogeny of Local Sheep Breeds in East Asia, Focusing on the Bayanbulak Sheep in China and the Sipsu Sheep in Bhutan. Biochemical Genetics 48:1-12.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref26">
				<label>26</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Tunon MJ, Gonzalez P, Vallejo M (1989) Genetic relationships among 14 Spanish breeds of goats. Animal Genetics 20:205-212.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref27">
				<label>27</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Yakubu A, Akinyemi MO (2010). An evaluation of sexual size dimorphism in Uda sheep using multifactorial discriminant analysis. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica A-Animal Science 60:74-78.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref28">
				<label>28</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Yakubu A, Ibrahim IA (2011). Multivariate analysis of morphostructural characteristics in Nigerian indigenous sheep. Italian Journal of Animal Science 10:83-86.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref29">
				<label>29</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Zaragoza P, Arana A, Zaragoza I, Amorena B (1987). Blood biochemical polymorphisms in rabbits presently bred in Spain: Genetic variation and distances among populations. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 40:275-286.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
					</ref-list>
	</back>
    </article>