<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.0 20040830//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/2.0/journalpublishing.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="2.0" xml:lang="EN">
  <front>    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title>Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy</journal-title>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2141-2502</issn>      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Academic Journals</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5897/JPP2019.0556</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title><![CDATA[In-ovo biological activity of Boswellia dalzielii stem bark extract and fractions against Newcastle disease virus]]></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Temitayo</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Ohemu</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Abubakar</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmed</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Taiwo</surname>
            <given-names>Emmanuel Alemika</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Solomon</surname>
            <given-names>Chuwang Chollom</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Thomas</surname>
            <given-names>Philip Yakubu</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Dalen</surname>
            <given-names>Gwatau Dafam</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Victoria</surname>
            <given-names>Akpidi Okwori</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Nanle</surname>
            <given-names>Josephine Damos</given-names>
	          </name>	
        	        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
		<corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email xlink:type="simple">tayogb17@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
      	<day>31</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2020</year>
      </pub-date>
      <history>
      			<date date-type="received">
			<day>02</day>
			<month>08</month>
			<year>2019</year>
		</date>
						<date date-type="accepted">
			<day>24</day>
			<month>06</month>
			<year>2020</year>
		</date>
			  </history>
      <volume>12</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
	  	  <fpage>62</fpage>
	  <lpage>70</lpage>
      <permissions>
		<license xlink:type="simple">
			<license-p>
			This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
			</license-p>
		</license>
	  </permissions>
	  <self-uri xlink:href="http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/JPP/article-abstract/0E9F50364537">
		This article is available from http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/JPP/article-abstract/0E9F50364537	  </self-uri>
	  <self-uri xlink:href="http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/JPP/article-full-text-pdf/0E9F50364537">
		The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/JPP/article-full-text-pdf/0E9F50364537	  </self-uri>
	  
      <abstract><![CDATA[Newcastle disease remains a disease of global concern and serious economic challenge to the poultry industry because of its high mortality rate, in spite of the various intervention programs including vaccination. This research is aimed at studying the antiviral activity of the extract and fractions of Boswellia dalzielii against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) using chicken embryonated eggs. Phytochemical analysis was conducted using standard procedure. The methanol extract of Boswellia dalzielii  was subjected to solvent- solvent fractionation using solvents of varing polarity. This process generated four fractions namely hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, n-butanol fraction and aqueous fraction. Nine to eleven day-old viable embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) were used for the antiviral assay; these were divided into seven groups of five eggs each. The methanol extract was also screened for its cytotoxicity, prophylatic, therapeutic and neutralization effects against NDV, while the fractions were screened for their cytotoxicity and neutralization effects. The phytochemical screening of the stem bark extract and fractions of B. dalzielii showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponin, terpenoids and steroids.  It was observed from the results that the extract was toxic to the embryo at a concentration above 100 mg/ml. At the end of the bioassay, methanol extract and fractions of B. dalzielii showed antiviral activity against NDV. However, the extract seems to possess the most significant anti-NDV activity than the fractions. The results of the study are very promising and support the use of B. dalzielii in the treatment of viral infections in animals and humans.

	Key words: Antiviral, Boswellia dalzielii, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), embryonated chicken eggs (ECE).]]></abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
      <body/>
    <back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
						<ref id="ref1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Absaln AE, Corts-Espinosa DV, Lucio E, Miller PJ, Afonso CL (2019). Epidemiology, control, and prevention of Newcastle disease in endemic regions: Latin America. Tropical Animal Health Production 51:1033-1048.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Akhtar N, Haq I, Mirza B (2018). Phytochemical analysis and comprehensive evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of 61 medicinal plant species. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 11(8):1223-1235
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Alemika TE, Ojerinde OS, Balogun O, Kafuti YS (2018). Potential Application of the West African frankincense, Boswellia dalzielii Hutch, for Drug and Perfumery Products. Journal of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 3(3).
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Bakari GG, Max RA, Mdegela RH, Phiri EC, Mtambo MM (2012) Antiviral activity of crude extracts from Commiphora swynnertonii against Newcastle disease virus in ovo. Tropical Animal Health and Production 44(7):1389-1393.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Belgrad JP, Rahman MA, Abdullah MS, Rashid MH, Sayeed MA, Anwer MS, Hoque MA (2018). Newcastle disease sero and viro-prevalence in rural poultry in Chittagong, Bangladesh. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 160:18-25.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Bessell PR, Woolley R, Stevenson S, Al-Riyami L, Opondo P, Lai L, Gammon N (2020). An analysis of the impact of Newcastle disease vaccination and husbandry practice on smallholder chicken productivity in Uganda. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 177:104975.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Evans WC (2009). Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 16th Edition. Saunders Elsevier Toronto, Canada. 1-9, 26, 117-121, 225, 252, 304, 356, 437-440, 541-570.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Faeji CO, Oladunmoye MK, Adebayo IA, Adebolu TT (2017). In-ovo biological activities of Phyllanthus amarus leaf extracts against Newcastle disease virus. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 11(26):419-425.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Goje LJ, Ghamba PE, Bukbuk DN, Lai I (2013). Toxicological assessments of the aqueous extract of Boswellia dalzielli stem bark on liver and kidney of male mice. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Sciences 5(1):17-22.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Iyare GI, Omorodion NT, Erameh TO, Achukwu PU, Ogochukwu, AG (2017). The effects of Anacardium occidentale leaves extract on histology of selected organs of Wistar rats. MOJ Biology and Medicine 2(2):216-221.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref11">
				<label>11</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Khatun M, Islam S, Ershaduzzaman M, Islam HMS, Yasmin S, Hossen A, Hasan, M (2018). Economic Impact of Newcastle Disease on Village Chickens-A Case of Bangladesh. Journal of Economics and Business 1:358-367.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref12">
				<label>12</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Liu AL, Du GH (2012). Antiviral Properties of Phytochemicals. In: Patra A. (eds) Dietary Phytochemicals and Microbes. Springer, Dordrecht.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref13">
				<label>13</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Mabiki FP, Mdegela RH, Mosha RD, Joseph J, Magadula JJ (2013). In ovo antiviral activity of Synadenium glaucescens (pax) crude extracts on Newcastle disease virus. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 7(14):863-870.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref14">
				<label>14</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Mohammed HAS (2020). Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, and Biological Study of Tamarix aphylla and Aerva javanica Medicinal Plants Growing in the Asir Region, Saudi Arabia. Tropical Conservation Science 12(1).
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref15">
				<label>15</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Mukhtar M, Arshad M, Ahmad M, Pomerantz RJ, Wigdahl B, Parveen Z (2008). Review of antiviral potentials of medicinal plants. Virus Research 131:111-120.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref16">
				<label>16</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Nas FS, Ali M (2017). Antibacterial activity of Boswellia dalzielii leaves extracts against some pathogenic bacterial isolates. Journal of Advances in Microbiology 7(1):1-8.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref17">
				<label>17</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Obi RK, Iroagba II and Ojiako OA (2006). Virucidal potential of some edible Nigerian vegetables. African Journal of Biotechnology 5(19): 1785-1788.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref18">
				<label>18</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Office International des Epizooties (OIE) (2012). Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals: mammals, birds and bees. Biological Standards Commission. World Organization for Animal Health. Paris, pp. 1-19.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref19">
				<label>19</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Ogbole OO, Akinleye TE, Segun PA, Faleye TC, Adeniji AJ (2018). In vitro antiviral activity of twenty-seven medicinal plant extracts from Southwest Nigeria against three serotypes of echoviruses. Virology Journal 15:110.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref20">
				<label>20</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Onoriose DA, Uwakwe AA, Monago CC (2012). Hepatoprotective effect of the methanolic leaf extract of Boswellia dalzielii Hutch on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in wistar rats. Indian Journal of Medicine and Healthcare 1(3):55-63.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref21">
				<label>21</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Reed LJ, Muench H (1938). A Simple Method of Estimating Fifty Percent End Points. American Journal of Hygiene 27:403.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref22">
				<label>22</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Rehan M, Aslam A, Khan MR, Abid M, Hussain S, Umber J, Anjum A, Hussain A (2019). Potential Economic Impact of Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from Wild Birds on Commercial Poultry Industry of Pakistan: A Review. Hosts Viruses 6:1-15. 10.17582/journal.hv/2019/6.1.1.15.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref23">
				<label>23</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Rezatofighi SE, Seydabadi A, Seyyed MSN (2014). Evaluating the efficacy of Achillea millefolium and Thymus vulgaris extracts against Newcastle Disease Virus in Ovo. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 7(2):e9016.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref24">
				<label>24</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Sandeep VB, Dilip KJ (2012). Profile of medical plant with anti-ophidian property. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation 1(5):13 -20.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref25">
				<label>25</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Sofowora A (2008). Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa, Spectrum Books Limited, Ibadan, Nigeria. 3rd edition, pp. 70-74, 175-180, 201-202.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref26">
				<label>26</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Yasmin AR, Chia SL, Looi QH, Omar AR, Noordin MM, Ideris A (2020). Herbal extracts as antiviral agents. Feed Additives pp. 115-132.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
					</ref-list>
	</back>
    </article>