<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.0 20040830//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/2.0/journalpublishing.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="2.0" xml:lang="EN">
  <front>    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title>Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology</journal-title>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2141-2316</issn>      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Academic Journals</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5897/JPHE2014.0631</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title><![CDATA[Epidemiology of malaria among children aged 1 to 15 years in Southeast Nigeria]]></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Oko</surname>
            <given-names>N. F.</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Odikamnoro</surname>
            <given-names>O. O.</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Uhuo</surname>
            <given-names>C. A.</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Okereke</surname>
            <given-names>C. N.</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Azi</surname>
            <given-names>S. O.</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Ogiji</surname>
            <given-names>E. D.</given-names>
	          </name>	
        	        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
		<corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email xlink:type="simple">coscusanas@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
      	<day>30</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <history>
      			<date date-type="received">
			<day>18</day>
			<month>02</month>
			<year>2014</year>
		</date>
						<date date-type="accepted">
			<day>09</day>
			<month>09</month>
			<year>2014</year>
		</date>
			  </history>
      <volume>6</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
	  	  <fpage>390</fpage>
	  <lpage>397</lpage>
      <permissions>
		<license xlink:type="simple">
			<license-p>
			This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
			</license-p>
		</license>
	  </permissions>
	  <self-uri xlink:href="http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/JPHE/article-abstract/3994C6E47912">
		This article is available from http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/JPHE/article-abstract/3994C6E47912	  </self-uri>
	  <self-uri xlink:href="http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/JPHE/article-full-text-pdf/3994C6E47912">
		The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/JPHE/article-full-text-pdf/3994C6E47912	  </self-uri>
	  
      <abstract><![CDATA[An epidemiological survey was conducted on prevalence of malaria among children aged 1-15yrs in south east Nigeria. A total of 498 children were surveyed for malaria and other morbidity indicators. Out of these, 369 which include 195 (52.8%) males and 174 (47.2%) females were from experimental household and 129, including 66 (51.2%) males and 63 (48.8%) females from control household. Before the deployment of Lambdacyhalothrin-treated household items - curtains, mats and blankets, the total malaria prevalence and all the morbidity indicators examined were (Plt;0.05) high among the sexes in both the experimental households and their control. By the end of the study, there was significant (plt;0.05) decrease in malaria prevalence and all the associated morbidity indicators among the sexes in the experimental households. The total percentage prevalence decreased from 69.7% to 39.4%, 63.2% to 33.3 and 69.2% to23.1% for males and 77.4% to 27.6%, 63.2 to 26.3 and 50% to 28.6% for female of ages 1-5, 6-10 and 11-15 respectively. The mean morbidity indicators dropped from 12.9equiv;13 to 1.9equiv;2; 9 to 0.6equiv;1 and 6.5equiv;7 to 0.6equiv;1 in sampled children of same age bracket but in the control households, they still remain on the increase (plt;0.05). The least malaria prevalence was 59.1% recorded among female infants and mean morbidity indicator remained was 6.5asymp;7. The prevalence of malaria was comparable by sex and age and found to be statistically not significant pgt;0.05.

	 

	Key words: Malaria, insecticide, lambdacyhalothrin, morbidity.]]></abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
      <body/>
    <back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
						<ref id="ref1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Ali A (1996). Population and samples. Foundation of Research in Education. Merks publishers, Awka Anambra State P 320.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Alonso PL, Lindsay SW, Armstrong JRM, Conteeh M, Hill AG, David PH, Fegan G, Francisco A, Hall AJ, Shenton FC, Cham K, Greenwood BM (1991). Effect of insecticide treated bed-nets on mortality of Gambian children. Lancet 337:1499-1502.
				]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Binka FN, Kubaye A, Adjuik M, Smith PG (1996). Impact of permethrin Impregnated bed-nets on child mortality in Kassena-Nankana District, Ghana: Randomized controlled trial. Trop. Med. Int. Health 1:147-154
				]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Beare NA, Taylor TE, Harding SP, Lewallen S, Molyneux ME (2006). Malaria retinopathy: A New established diagnostic signs in severe malaria. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75(5):790-7.
				]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Breman J (2001). The ears of the hippopotamus: Manifestation, determinants and estimates of malaria burden. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 64(1-2):1-11.
				]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Brieger (1996, 1997). Use of impregnated mosquito net for malaria control. Bulletin of World Health Organisation, pp 69-594.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Christopher JLM, Lisa CR, Stephen SL, Kathryn GA, Kyle JF, Diana H, Nancy F, Mohsen N, Rafael L, Alan DL (2012). Global malaria mortality between 1980 and 2010:a systematic analysis. Lancet 379(9814):413-431
				]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Greenwood BM, Bojang K, Whitty CJ, Targett GA (2005). Malaria. Lancent 365(9469):1487-98
				]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Keiser J, Utzinger J, Caldas M, Smith T, Tanner M, Singer B (2004). Urbanization in sub-Saharan and implication for malaria. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 71(2):118-27
				]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Layne SP (2006). Principles of infectious disease epidemiology. Available at: http://health.mo.gov/training/epi/Mod1StudentOutline.pdf]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref11">
				<label>11</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Lengeler C (1998). Insecticide treated bed nets and curtains for malaria control Issue 3, Oxford Uk. Available at: http://www.thecochranelibrary.com/userfiles/ccoch/file/CD000363.pdf]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref12">
				<label>12</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Michael F (2007). Stopping a global killer: the rapidly spreading disease affects more people than before but until recently, the outcry has been muted. National Geographic Magazine.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref13">
				<label>13</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Molineaux L (1988). The epidemiology of human malaria as an explanation of its distribution, including some implications for its control In W.H. Wemsdorfer and I.J.Mc. Churchill Livingstone Publishers, Uk pp. 913-998.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref14">
				<label>14</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Nevill CG, Some ES, Mungala VO, Mutemi W, New L, Marsh K, Lengeler C, Snow RW (1996). Insecticide-treated bed nets reduce morbidity from malaria among children on the Kenyan coast. Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 1:139-146
				]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref15">
				<label>15</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Obi IU (2002). Statistical Methods of Declining Differences Between Treatment Means and Research Methodology Issues in Laboratory and Field Experiments. AP Express Publishers Ltd Nsukka, Nigeria xiii. pp 117.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref16">
				<label>16</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Provost C (2011). World malaria day: Which countries are the hardest hit. The Gardian Retrieved 2012-05-03. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/datablog/2011/apr/25/world-malaria-day-data]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref17">
				<label>17</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Prothero RM (1999). Forest and people in southeast Asia. Singapore J. Trop. Geog. 20(1):76-85.
				]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref18">
				<label>18</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Sexton JD (1994). Impregnated bed net for malaria control: biological success and social responsibility. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 50:72-81.
				]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref19">
				<label>19</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[WHO (2005). Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides. World Health Organization Communicable Disease Control, Prevention and Eradication. WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme. HO/CDS/WHOPES/GCDPP/2005.13.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref20">
				<label>20</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[WHO (2010). Guidelines for the treatment of malaria (Report) (2nd ed) 978-9-2415-4792-5 Accessed May 11, 2012.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
					</ref-list>
	</back>
    </article>