<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.0 20040830//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/2.0/journalpublishing.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="2.0" xml:lang="EN">
  <front>    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title>Journal of Clinical Medicine and Research</journal-title>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2141-2235</issn>      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Academic Journals</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5897/JCMR2016.0280</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title><![CDATA[Predictors of postoperative sore throat among surgical patients at Ethiopian teaching hospitals]]></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Hunduma</surname>
            <given-names>Jisha Chawaka</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Merga</surname>
            <given-names>Haile Temesgen</given-names>
	          </name>	
        	        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
		<corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email xlink:type="simple">hunjisha@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
      	<day>30</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <history>
      			<date date-type="received">
			<day>06</day>
			<month>10</month>
			<year>2016</year>
		</date>
						<date date-type="accepted">
			<day>15</day>
			<month>11</month>
			<year>2016</year>
		</date>
			  </history>
      <volume>8</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
	  	  <fpage>1</fpage>
	  <lpage>11</lpage>
      <permissions>
		<license xlink:type="simple">
			<license-p>
			This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
			</license-p>
		</license>
	  </permissions>
	  <self-uri xlink:href="http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/JCMR/article-abstract/43EF71461830">
		This article is available from http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/JCMR/article-abstract/43EF71461830	  </self-uri>
	  <self-uri xlink:href="http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/JCMR/article-full-text-pdf/43EF71461830">
		The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/JCMR/article-full-text-pdf/43EF71461830	  </self-uri>
	  
      <abstract><![CDATA[Post-operative sore throat significantly impact patientsrsquo; satisfaction during post-operative period. Many factors can contribute to postoperative sore throat and the incidence varies with the method of airway management. To determine the predictors and incidence of postoperative sore throat. In this facility based cross sectional study, 245 elective gynecologic and general surgical patients who had had surgery at Jimma University Teaching Hospital between February 01 and April 30, 2015 were interviewed during postoperative period  between 6 and 24 h using a structured questionair. After outliers and missing value checked the data manually entered into SPSS Version 20 IBM. In addition to descriptive analysis odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was used in bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine the effect of predictors on the postoperative sore thoat and hoarsness of voices. A total of 245 surgical patients was interviewed with a complete response rate of 228(93.1%). Their age ranges from 18 to 87years, with a majority between 31 and 40 years. From a total respondent 120 (52.6%) were females, 171(75%) American Society of Anesthesiologist class-I, 137(60.1%) cannot read and write, and 108 (47.4%) were farmer. Majority 47(20.6%) of surgery was orthopedics surgery; followed by 25(11%) breast surgery, 23(10.1%) hysterectomy and others. One hundred twenty nine (56.6%) participants had suffered postoperative sore throat and 68 of them had had hoarseness of voices. The sore throat was found to be more common with certain patient, anesthetic and surgical related factors; difficulty level of intubation, duration of ETT in trachea, being not premedicated with opioid, unexperienced anesthetists, other than ketamine anesthetic  induction agent,  bleeding on tip of laryngoscope/ETT, perioperative hypotension and higher estimated blood loss during surgery. Significant incidence of postoperative sore throat and hoarseness of voice were seen during study period in the study area. Awareness creation on the predisposing factors and appropriate care especially during endotracheal intubation would help in reducing or avoiding the incidence of postoperative sore throat.

	 

	Key words: Endotracheal intubation, elective surgery, postoperative complications, sore throat.]]></abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
      <body/>
    <back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
						<ref id="ref1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[McHardy FE, Chung F (1999). Postoperative sore throat: Cause, prevention and treatment. Anaesthesia. 54(5):444-53.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Cirilla DJ, Ngo J, Vaisman V, Daly C, Ata A, Sandison M, Roberts K (2015). Does the incidence of sore throat postoperatively increase with the use of a traditional intubation blade or the GlideScope?. J. Clin. Anesth. 27(8):646-651.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Najafi A, Imani F, Makarem J, Khajavi MR, Etezadi F, Habibi S, Moharari RS (2014). Postoperative Sore Throat After Laryngoscopy With Macintosh or Glide Scope Video Laryngoscope Blade in Normal Airway Patients. Anesthesiol. Pain Med. 4(1):4-7.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Kalil DM, Silvestro LS, Austin PN (2014). Novel preoperative pharmacologic methods of preventing postoperative sore throat due to tracheal intubation. AANA J. 82(3):188-97.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Burgard G, Mllhoff T, Prien T (1996). The effect of laryngeal mask cuff pressure on postoperative sore throat incidence. J. Clin. Anesth. 8(3):198-201.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Mandoe H, Nikolajsen L, Lintrup U, Jepsen D, Molgaard J (1992). Sore throat after endotracheal intubation. Anesth. Analg. 74(6):897-900.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Soediono B (1989). Factors Affecting the Incidence of Sore Throat Following General Anesthesia with Endotracheal Tube Versus Laryngeal Mask Airway. J. Chem. Inf. Model. pp. 53:160.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Jaensson M, Gupta A, Nilsson U (2014). Gender differences in sore throat and hoarseness following endotracheal tube or laryngeal mask airway: a prospective study. BMC Anesthesiol.14(1):1-8.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Ahmed A, Abbasi S, Ghafoor HB, Ishaq M (2007). Postoperative sore throat after elective surgical procedures. J. Ayub. Med. Coll. Abbottabad 19(2):12-4.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Edomwonyi NP, Ekwere IT, Omo E, Rupasinghe A (2006). Postoperative Throat Complications after Tracheal Intubation. Ann. Afr. Med. 5(1):28-32.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref11">
				<label>11</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Thanga P, Kamya D, Mungayi V (2013). Effects of intravenous diclofenac on postoperative sore throat in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery at Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi: a prospective, randomized, double blind controlled trial. Afr. Health Sci. 13(4):999-1006.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref12">
				<label>12</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Shrestha SK, Bhattarai B, Singh J (2010). Ketamine gargling and postoperative sore throat. [Internet].; J. Nepal Med. Assoc. 49(180):282-285.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref13">
				<label>13</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Teymourian H, Mohajerani SA, Farahbod A (2005).Magnesium and Ketamine Gargle and Postoperative Sore Throat. Anesth. Pain Med. 5(3):22367.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref14">
				<label>14</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Zhao X, Cao X, Li Q (2014). Dexamethasone for the prevention of postoperative sore throat: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Anesth. 27(1):45-50.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref15">
				<label>15</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Haider HS, Al-ali BT (2013). The Role of Dexamethasone in Reducing the Severity of Postoperative Sore Throat. Can J Anaesth. 12(3):454-459.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref16">
				<label>16</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Hu B, Bao R, Wang X, Liu S, Tao T, Xie Q, Yu X, Li J, Bo L, Deng X (2013). The size of endotracheal tube and sore throat after surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 8(10):e74467.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref17">
				<label>17</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Navarro RM, Baughman VL (1997). Lidocaine in the Endotracheal Tube Cuff Reduces Postoperative Sore Throat. J. Clin. Anesth. 8180(97):394-397.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref18">
				<label>18</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Orandi A, Orandi A, Najafi A, Hajimohammadi F, Soleimani S, Zahabi S (2013).Post-intubation sore throat and menstruation cycles. Anesthesiol. Pain Med. 3(2):243-9.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref19">
				<label>19</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Tanaka Y, Nakayama T, Nishimori M, Sato Y, Furuya H (2009). Lidocaine for preventing postoperative sore throat (Review). Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3:3-5.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref20">
				<label>20</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Soltani H-A, Aghadavoudi O (2002). The effect of different lidocaine application methods on postoperative cough and sore throat. J. Clin. Anesth. 14(1):15-8.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref21">
				<label>21</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Journal SE (2010). Comparison of the Effects of Endotracheal Tube and Laryngeal Mask Airway on Immediate Postoperative Complications in Elective Operations . Abstract: Introduction 11(4):191-7.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref22">
				<label>22</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Mokhtar AMM, Choy CY(2013) . Postoperative sore throat in children: Comparison between prosealtm LMA and classictm LMA. Middle East J. Anesthesiol. 22(1):65-70.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
					</ref-list>
	</back>
    </article>