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  <front>    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title>African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology </journal-title>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1996-0786</issn>      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Academic Journals</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5897/AJEST2017.2353</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title><![CDATA[Spatial and temporal water quality dynamics of Awash River using multivariate statistical techniques]]></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Amare</surname>
            <given-names>Shiberu Keraga</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Zebene</surname>
            <given-names>Kiflie</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Agizew</surname>
            <given-names>Nigussie Engida</given-names>
	          </name>	
        	        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
		<corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email xlink:type="simple">amare.shiberu@aau.edu.et</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
      	<day>30</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <history>
      			<date date-type="received">
			<day>13</day>
			<month>05</month>
			<year>2017</year>
		</date>
						<date date-type="accepted">
			<day>26</day>
			<month>08</month>
			<year>2017</year>
		</date>
			  </history>
      <volume>11</volume>
      <issue>11</issue>
	  	  <fpage>565</fpage>
	  <lpage>577</lpage>
      <permissions>
		<license xlink:type="simple">
			<license-p>
			This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
			</license-p>
		</license>
	  </permissions>
	  <self-uri xlink:href="http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/AJEST/article-abstract/56A14E166520">
		This article is available from http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/AJEST/article-abstract/56A14E166520	  </self-uri>
	  <self-uri xlink:href="http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/AJEST/article-full-text-pdf/56A14E166520">
		The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/AJEST/article-full-text-pdf/56A14E166520	  </self-uri>
	  
      <abstract><![CDATA[Awash River has important socio-economic and ecological values in Ethiopia. On the contrary, it is prone to serious water pollution. This study aims to assess the spatial and temporal variation of water quality of the river. Means of the 9 yearsrsquo; (2005-2013) water quality dataset of 19 parameters from 10 stations in the basin were considered. After validating, normalizing and checking the sampling adequacy and internal consistency of the data, principal component analysis was computed and four principal components were generated. Factor loadings, correlations between variables and the principal factors as well as between sites and the principal factors were tabulated. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering done on the dataset resulted in four clusters based on similarity of water quality characteristics. The Mann-Kendallrsquo;s two tailed trend test detected temporal trends for total hardness in February over all sites and for most parameters in the basin in the 9 years period. Spatial analysis of the 14 sampling sites of the basin showed that as one moves from upper to lower parts of the basin, electrical conductivity, total hardness and chloride decrease in the dry season. However, total hardness slightly increases and total dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate decrease in the rainy season.

	 

	Key words: Agglomerative hierarchical clustering, Ethiopia, Mann Kendall trend, principal component analysis, water pollution.]]></abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
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