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  <front>    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title>Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy</journal-title>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2141-2502</issn>      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Academic Journals</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5897/JPP2019.0547</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title><![CDATA[Immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides isolated from plants used as antimalarial in Mali]]></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Adama</surname>
            <given-names>Denou</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Adiaratou</surname>
            <given-names>Togola</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Kari</surname>
            <given-names>Tvete Inngjerdingen</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Bing-Zhao</surname>
            <given-names>Zhang</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Abubakar</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmed</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Dalen</surname>
            <given-names>Gwatau Dafam</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>John</surname>
            <given-names>C.Aguiyi</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Rokia</surname>
            <given-names>Sanogo</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Drissa</surname>
            <given-names>Diallo</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Berit</surname>
            <given-names>Smestad Paulsen</given-names>
	          </name>	
        	        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
		<corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email xlink:type="simple">2017pgph0085@unijos.edu.ng</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
      	<day>31</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <history>
      			<date date-type="received">
			<day>28</day>
			<month>03</month>
			<year>2019</year>
		</date>
						<date date-type="accepted">
			<day>10</day>
			<month>05</month>
			<year>2019</year>
		</date>
			  </history>
      <volume>11</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
	  	  <fpage>35</fpage>
	  <lpage>42</lpage>
      <permissions>
		<license xlink:type="simple">
			<license-p>
			This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
			</license-p>
		</license>
	  </permissions>
	  <self-uri xlink:href="http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/JPP/article-abstract/C0A8AD961623">
		This article is available from http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/JPP/article-abstract/C0A8AD961623	  </self-uri>
	  <self-uri xlink:href="http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/JPP/article-full-text-pdf/C0A8AD961623">
		The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/JPP/article-full-text-pdf/C0A8AD961623	  </self-uri>
	  
      <abstract><![CDATA[Medicinal plants used against malaria in Mali have previously been tested for their antiplasmodial activities using their organic solvent and water extracts. As the healers mainly use the water extracts for their treatments of malaria-patients, our aim was to study the water-soluble components from Malian plants used for treatment of malaria. Argemone mexicana (aerial parts), Sarcocephalus latifolius (root bark), Vitex doniana (leaves), and Malarial-5reg; (an improved traditional medicine (ITM) in tea) were the objects of our studies. Water extracts of these plants contained primarily polysaccharides. Due to this, the studies focused on the determination of the monosaccharide composition of the polymers present as well as assessing the immunomodulatory properties of the polysaccharide fractions isolated from these plants. Each plant material was extracted sequentially with dichloromethane, 80% ethanol and water at 100deg;C. The polysaccharides were obtained using gel filtration of the aqueous extracts and their monosaccharide compositions were determined using gas chromatography. Immunomodulatory effects were assessed using the complement fixation test and macrophage stimulation. All aqueous extracts from the four samples contained polysaccharides. The monosaccharide compositions vary between the plants. Arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose and galacturonic acid were present in all samples, glucose being the main monomer. These polysaccharides showed complement fixing activity and induced nitrite oxide release from macrophages in a dose dependent manner. The polysaccharide fractions of A. mexicana (Am1) and V. doniana (Vd1) showed the most potent activities. These two fractions had an ICH50 of 2.4 and 6.3 mu;g/mL respectively in the complement fixation assay. The same two fractions induced a dose dependent release of nitrite oxide from macrophages. The results demonstrated that antimalarial plants contain polysaccharides with immunomodulatory properties. This preliminary work constitutes a new approach of antimalarial studies.

	Key words: Polysaccharides, immunomodulatory effects, antimalarial plants, Mali.]]></abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
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