<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.0 20040830//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/2.0/journalpublishing.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="2.0" xml:lang="EN">
  <front>    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title>Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology</journal-title>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2141-226X</issn>      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Academic Journals</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5897/JECE2016.0391</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title><![CDATA[Degradation of perchlorate using green method: Mechanism and kinetic process]]></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Azam</surname>
            <given-names>Ghavi</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Ali</surname>
            <given-names>Reza Zarei</given-names>
	          </name>	
        	        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
		<corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email xlink:type="simple">azamghavi@ymail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
      	<day>28</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <history>
      			<date date-type="received">
			<day>09</day>
			<month>10</month>
			<year>2016</year>
		</date>
						<date date-type="accepted">
			<day>01</day>
			<month>08</month>
			<year>2017</year>
		</date>
			  </history>
      <volume>10</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
	  	  <fpage>11</fpage>
	  <lpage>21</lpage>
      <permissions>
		<license xlink:type="simple">
			<license-p>
			This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
			</license-p>
		</license>
	  </permissions>
	  <self-uri xlink:href="http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/JECE/article-abstract/EC3B96756087">
		This article is available from http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/JECE/article-abstract/EC3B96756087	  </self-uri>
	  <self-uri xlink:href="http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/JECE/article-full-text-pdf/EC3B96756087">
		The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/JECE/article-full-text-pdf/EC3B96756087	  </self-uri>
	  
      <abstract><![CDATA[This work analyzes the degradation of toxic perchlorate from wastewater and its conversion to non-toxic chloride ion through nano-scale zero valent iron (nZVI) coating. To prevent its agglomeration and to provide the required stabilization and more removal efficiency, it was coated with various coating agents which are co-friendly (green agents) and inexpensive. At first, nZVI was synthesized using green method. Thereafter, it was used for the removal of perchlorate. NZVI was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. Data show that nZVI coated with starch had the size range of 20 to 60 nm and spherical morphology and thickness of about 60 nm. Analysis results of UV-Spectrophotometry and ion chromatography showed that perchlorate was removed with more efficiency (up over 90%) under optimal conditions, and for one week, it was coated with nZVI using starch. Also, the parameters of the removal efficiency include temperature, time reaction, pH and amount of nZVI. Activation energy (Ea) of 16.77 kJ mol-1 and constant rate (k) of 0.0242 min-1 were obtained from the removal of perchlorate under optimal conditions. The study shows that the obtained results improved more than previously.

	Key words: Degradation of perchlorate, green method, nanoscale zero valent iron, mechanism, kinetic of process.]]></abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
      <body/>
    <back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
						<ref id="ref1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Ahn SC, Hubbard B, Cha DK, Kim BJ (2014). Simultaneous removal of perchlorate and energetic compounds in munitions wastewater by zero-valent iron and perchlorate-respiring bacteria. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A 49:575-583.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Bing G, Long LT, Na Z, Zhaohui J, Xinhua Q (2009). Hexavalent chromium removal from water using chitosan-Fe0 nanoparticles. in: 8th China International Nanoscience and Technology Symposium (CINSTS09) 188.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Chen PJ, Tan SW and Lin W (2012). Stabilization or oxidation of nanoscale zerovalent iron at environmentally relevant exposure changes bioavailability and toxicity in medaka fish. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46:8431-8439.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Chen WF, Yan CC, Wang Q, Pan, Chen LF (2016). Carbothermal synthesis of activated carbon-supported nano zero valent iron: Effects of temperature, characterization, and reactivity. Desalin. Water Treat. 57:9520-9529.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Comba S, Di Molfetta A, Sethi R (2011). A comparison between field applications of nano-, micro-, and millimetric zero-valent iron for the remediation of contaminated aquifers. Water, Air, Soil Pollution. 215(1-4):595-607.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Elliott D, Cao J, Zhang WX (2005). Perchlorate reduction by nanoscale iron particles. J. Nanopart. Res. 7:499-506.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Fan G, Cang L, Qin W, Zhou C, Gomes HI, Zhou D (2013). Surfactants-enhanced electrokinetic transport of xanthan gum stabilized nanoPd/Fe for the remediation of PCBs contaminated soils. Sep. Sci. Technol. 114:64-72.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Fan M, Li L, Brown RC, Leeuwen JV, Wang J, Wang W, Song Y, Zhang P (2006). Synthesis, Properties, and Environmental Applications of Nanoscale Iron-Based Materials: A review. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36:405-431.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Giblin T, Losi ME, Hosenqeai V, Frankenberger WT (2002). Bacterial perchlorate reduction in simulated reverse osmosis rejectate. Biorem. J. 6:105-111.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Grover VA, Hu J, Engates KE, Shipley HJ (2012). Adsorption and desorption of bivalent metals to hematite nanoparticles. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1:86-92.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref11">
				<label>11</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Hosseini SG, Abazari R, Ghavi A (2014). Pure CuCr2O4 nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and their morphological and size effects on the catalytic thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. Solid State Sci. 37:72-79.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref12">
				<label>12</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Hosseini SG, Ahmadi R, Ghavi A, Kashi A (2015). Synthesis and characterization of a-Fe2O3 mesoporous using SBA-15silica as template and investigation of its catalytic activity for thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate particles. Powder Techno. 278:316-322.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref13">
				<label>13</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Jin XY, Chen ZX, Chen Z, Megharaj M and Naidu R (2011). Removal of methyl orange from aqueous solution using bentonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 363:601-607.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref14">
				<label>14</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Knighton KMC, Geiger CL (2010). Environmental applications of nanoscale and microscale reactive metal particles. in: ACS Symposium. Washington DC.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref15">
				<label>15</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Kocur CM, Carroll DMO, Sleep BE (2013). Impact of nZVI stability on mobility in porous media. J. Contam. Hydrol. 145:17-25.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref16">
				<label>16</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Li SG, Hou J, Liu XH, Cui BS, Baiz JH (2016). Morphological and transcriptional responses of lycopersicon esculentum to hexavalent chromium in agricultural soil. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 7:1751-1758.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref17">
				<label>17</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Mahmudov R, Huang CP (2007). Perchlorate removal by activated carbon adsorption. Sep. Purif. Technol. 70:329-337.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref18">
				<label>18</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Mak SY, Chen DH (2004). Fast adsorption of methylene blue on polyacrylic acid-bound iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles, Dyes and Pigments 61:93-98.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref19">
				<label>19</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Malaisamy R, Nwafo AT, Jones KL (2011). Polyelectrolyte modification of nanofiltration membrane for selective removal of monovalent anions. Sep. Purif. Technol. 77:367-374.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref20">
				<label>20</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Motzer WE (2001). Perchlorate: problems, detection and solutions. Environ. Forensics 2:301-311.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref21">
				<label>21</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Oh SY (2010). Enhanced reduction of perchlorate by zero-valent iron: effect of temperature, pH, and buffering capacity. Geosystem Eng. 13:119-126.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref22">
				<label>22</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Parker DR (2009). Perchlorate in the environment: The emerging emphasis on natural occurrence. Environ. Chem. 16:10-27.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref23">
				<label>23</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Saleh N, Phenrat T, Sirk K, Tilton RD and Lowry G (2007). Aggregation and sedimentation of aqueous nanoscale zerovalent iron dispersions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41:284-290.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref24">
				<label>24</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Sijimol M R., Jyothy S, Pradeepkumar AP, Chandran MSS, Ghouse SS and Mohan M (2015). Review on fate, toxicity, and remediation of perchlorate. Environ. Forensics 16:125-134. Srinivasan R, Sorial GA (2009). Treatment of perchlorate in drinking water: A critical review. Sep. Purif. Technol. 69:7-21.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref25">
				<label>25</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Wang DM, Huang CP (2008). Electrodialytically assisted catalytic reduction (EDACR) of perchlorate in dilute aqueous solutions. Sep. Purif. Technol. 59:333-341.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref26">
				<label>26</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Xiong Z, Dimick P, Zhao D, Kney A, Avakoli J (2006). Removal of perchlorate from contaminated water using a regenerable polymeric ligand exchanger. Sep. Purif. Technol. 41:2555-2574.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref27">
				<label>27</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Zhao D, Xiong Z, Pan G (2007). Rapid and complete destruction of perchlorate in water and ionexchange brine using stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles. Water Res. 41:3497-3350.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref28">
				<label>28</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Zhou T, Li Y, Lim T (2010). Catalytic hydrodechlorination of chlorophenols by Pd/Fe nanoparticles: Comparisons with other bimetallic systems, kinetics and mechanism. Sep. Sci. Technol. 76:206-214.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
					</ref-list>
	</back>
    </article>