<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.0 20040830//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/2.0/journalpublishing.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="2.0" xml:lang="EN">
  <front>    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title>International Journal of Physical Sciences</journal-title>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1992-1950</issn>      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Academic Journals</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5897/IJPS2023.5057</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title><![CDATA[Application of geological and geo-electric methods in the assessment of corrosivity, competence, and vulnerability of soils around Southeastern Nigeria]]></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Uzochi</surname>
            <given-names>Bright Onyeanwuna</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Obinna</surname>
            <given-names>Chigoziem Akakuru</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Alexander</surname>
            <given-names>Iheanyichukwu Opara</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Samuel</surname>
            <given-names>Okechukwu Onyekuru</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Sabinus</surname>
            <given-names>Ikechukwu Ibeneme</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Ifeyinwa</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Ofoh</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Godwin</surname>
            <given-names>Okumagbe Aigbadon</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Hope</surname>
            <given-names>Isreal</given-names>
	          </name>	
        	        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
		<corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email xlink:type="simple">obinna.akakuru@futo.edu.ng</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
      	<day>31</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <history>
      			<date date-type="received">
			<day>23</day>
			<month>10</month>
			<year>2023</year>
		</date>
						<date date-type="accepted">
			<day>19</day>
			<month>02</month>
			<year>2024</year>
		</date>
			  </history>
      <volume>19</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
	  	  <fpage>58</fpage>
	  <lpage>79</lpage>
      <permissions>
		<license xlink:type="simple">
			<license-p>
			This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
			</license-p>
		</license>
	  </permissions>
	  <self-uri xlink:href="http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/IJPS/article-abstract/867C52771961">
		This article is available from http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/IJPS/article-abstract/867C52771961	  </self-uri>
	  <self-uri xlink:href="http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/IJPS/article-full-text-pdf/867C52771961">
		The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/IJPS/article-full-text-pdf/867C52771961	  </self-uri>
	  
      <abstract><![CDATA[The study investigates the electro-geophsysical method#39;s application to assess corrosivity, competence, and aquifer vulnerability in Njaba and its environs, in southeastern Nigeria, aiming to determine soil suitability for engineering constructions and estimate aquifer vulnerability. Urbanization in the area has led to increased man-made structures and surface pollution exposure. Twenty-three geo-electric resistivity soundings were conducted using ABEM Terameter SAS-4000 and Schlumberger configuration with a maximum half-current electrode spacing of 500 m. Results indicate undulating topography with elevations ranging from 361 to 1336.9ft. Soil resistivity assessment reveals 43.5% moderate competence, 26.1% competent, and 26.1% highly competent zones, with the remainder exhibiting incompetent clay lithology. Corrosivity assessment shows 73.9% essentially non-corrosive and 26.1% mildly corrosive topsoil. The study identifies a semi-deep aquifer system with depths ranging from 79.2 to 115 m and thickness from 23.4 to 48.5 m. Aquifer resistivity ranges from 28700 to 990 Omega;m, indicating clean sand to sand with clay admixtures. Hydraulic conductivity varies from 0.0852 to 27.90068 m/day, suggesting clean sand. Aquifer vulnerability assessment indicates a high to moderately low protective capacity, making most of the area suitable for engineering construction and groundwater development. The study highlights the reliability of geological and geo-electric methods in delineating hydraulic conductivity and lithostratigraphic units. It recommends corrosion-resistant pipes in mildly corrosive areas to prevent pipe rupture within a depth of approximately 1.1 m.

	Keywords: Competence, corrosivity, hydraulic conductivity, aquifer vulnerability.]]></abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
      <body/>
    <back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
						<ref id="ref1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Adeyemo I, Iwuala V, Fadare T, Otayemi E (2020). Hydro-geologic, corrosivity and geotechnical implications of geoelectric sounding survey at FUTA Cooperative Housing Estate, Ilaramokin near Akure Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International pp. 40-50.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Adegoke O, Oyebamji A, Edet J, Ulu O, Osterloff P (2017). Cenozoic Foraminifera and Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy of the Niger Delta pp. 25-66.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Agidi BM, Akakuru OC, Aigbadon GO, Schoeneich K, Isreal H, Ofoh I, Njoku J, Esomonu I (2022). Water quality index, hydrogeochemical facies and pollution index of groundwater around Middle Benue Trough, Nigeria. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources 8(1):35-54.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Akakuru OC, Opara AI, Aigbadon GO (2023a) Characterizing gully-prone zones using geophysical and geotechnical approaches: a case study of Njaba South-Eastern Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 21(4):4527-4546.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Akakuru OC, Njoku BU, Obinna-Akakuru AU, Akudinobi BEB, Obasi PN, Aigbadon GO, Onyeanwuna UB (2023b). Non-carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment and Prediction of Organic and Heavy Metal Pollution of Groundwater around Osisioma, Nigeria, using Artificial Neural Networks and Multi-Linear Modeling Principles. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 37(11):1-3110.
				
					View]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Akakuru OC, Eyankware MO, Akakuru OU, Nkwoada AU, Agunanne VC (2023c). Quantification of contamination, ecological risk index, and health risk assessment of groundwater using artificial neural network and multi-linear regression modeling approaches within Egbema, Nigeria. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 16(9):507.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Akakuru OC, Onyeanwuna UB, Opara AI, Iheme KO, Njoku AO, Amadi CC, Akaolisa CCZ, Okwuosha OR (2023d). Electro-geohydraulic Estimation of Shallow Aquifer Characteristics of Njaba and Environs, Southeastern Nigeria. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 16(5):318.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Akintorinwa OJ (2017). Application of engineering geophysics in site investigation; a case study of Ondo State University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Southwest, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Technology 8(2):12-25.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Akubugwo EI (2013). Water quality Assessment of Njaba river, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology 4(6):33-37.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Alao JO, Yusuf MA, Nur MS, Nuruddeen AM, Ahmad MS, Jaiyeoba E (2023). Delineation of aquifer promising zones and protective capacity for regional groundwater development and sustainability. SN Applied Sciences 5(5).
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref11">
				<label>11</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Alhazzaa MI (2007). A comparative study of soil corrosivity of the University Campus. Final Research Report No. 45/426, King Saud University College of Engineering Research Center 27.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref12">
				<label>12</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Anosike S, Ibuot JC, Obiora DN, Ugbor DO (2019). Geophysical and physicochemical investigation of groundwater repositories in Njaba LGA of Imo state, eastern Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 16(12):8129-8140.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref13">
				<label>13</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Avbovbo AA (1978). Tertiary lithostratigraphy of Niger Delta. A.A.P.G Bulletin 6:295-306.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref14">
				<label>14</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Barbulescu A (2020). Assessing groundwater vulnerability: DRASTIC and DRASTIC-Like methods: A review. Water1 2(5):1356.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref15">
				<label>15</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Bassey UA, Anthony MG, Emmanuel A, Obinna CA (2024). Integrating seismic refraction and electrical approaches in determining geophysical properties of near-surface cavities in Calabar-Ikom highway, Odukpani, Cross River State, Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Geosciences 12(1):7-16
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref16">
				<label>16</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Bayowa OG, Olayiwola NS (2015). Electrical resistivity investigation for topsoil thickness, competence and corrosivity evaluation: a case study from LadokeAkintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. 2nd International Conference on Geological and Civil Engineering. IACSIT Press, Singapore 80(11).]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref17">
				<label>17</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Blyth FGH, De-Freitas, MH (1984). Geology for engineers (7thEd). Edward Arnold, London P 325.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref18">
				<label>18</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Chizoba JC, Usman AO, Ezeh CC, Chinwuko IA, Azuoko GB, Akakuru OC, Iheme KO (2023). Hydrogeological assessment of groundwater resources within Isuikwuato and environ Southeastern Nigeria: Agenda for food agriculture and clean water policies. International Journal of Physical Sciences 18(4):84-105.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref19">
				<label>19</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Edeye E, Eteh DR (2021). Geoelectric investigation of corrosivity and competence Soils using geospatial technology: A case study in part of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 2:1-7.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref20">
				<label>20</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Ekwe AC, Opara AI, Onwuka OS (2018). Geoelectrical study of corrosivity and competence of soils within Uburu and Okposi areas of Ebonyi State, Southeastern Nigeria, Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 65(6):637-645.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref21">
				<label>21</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Eyankware MO, Akakuru OC, Osisanya WO (2023). Assessment of heavy metal pollution on groundwater quality in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Sustain. Water Resources Management 9:189
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref22">
				<label>22</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Eyankware MO, Akakuru OC, Eyankware EO (2022a). Interpretation of hydrochemical data using various geochemical models: a case study of Enyigba mining district of Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, SE Nigeria. Sustainable Water Resources Management 8(1):33.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref23">
				<label>23</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Eyankware MO, Akakuru OC (2022b). Appraisal of groundwater to risk contamination near an abandoned limestone quarry pit in Nkalagu, Nigeria, using enrichment factor and statistical approaches. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources 7(4):603-621.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref24">
				<label>24</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Eyankware MO, Akakuru OC, Ulakpa, ROE, Eyankware EO (2022c) Hydrogeochemical approach in the assessment of coastal aquifer for domestic, industrial, and agricultural utilities in Port Harcourt urban, Southern Nigeria. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources 7(3):401-419.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref25">
				<label>25</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Eyankware MO, Eyankware RO, Akakuru OC (2022d). Hydrogeophysical delineation of aquifer vulnerability in parts of Nkalagu and Ohofia Agba areas of Abakaliki, SE. Nigeria. Sustainable Water Resources Management 8(1):39.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref26">
				<label>26</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Guma TN, Mohammed SU, Tanimu AJ (2015). A field survey of soil corrosivity level of Kaduna metropolitan area through electrical resistivity method. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research 3:5-10.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref27">
				<label>27</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Heigold PC, Gilkeson RH, Cartwright K, Reed PC (1979). Aquifer transmissivity from surficial electrical methods. Groundwater 17(4):338-345.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref28">
				<label>28</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Hussein E, Tarig E (2014). Evaluation of subsoil corrosivity condition around Baracaia Area using the electrical resistivity method: a case study from the Muglad Basin, Southwestern Sudan. Journal of Earth Science and Engineering 4:663-667.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref29">
				<label>29</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Ibe KM, Nwankwor GI, Onyekuru SO (2001). Assessment of groundwater vulnerability and its application to the development ofprotection strategy for the water supply aquifer in Owerri, Southeastern Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 67:323-360.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref30">
				<label>30</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Ibeneme SI, Ukiwe LN, Selemo AO, Okereke CN, Nwagbara JO, Obioha YE, Okechi RN (2013). Hydrogeochemical study of surface water resources of Orlu, Southeastern Nigeria. International Journal of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering 5(12):670-675,
				
					View]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref31">
				<label>31</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Idornigie AI, Olorunfemi MO, Omitogun AA (2006). Electrical resistivity determination of subsurface layers, subsoil competence and soil corrosivity at an engineering site location in Akungba-Akoko, Southwestern Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science 8:22-32.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref32">
				<label>32</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Kirlas MC, Dimitrios K, Georgiou P, Konstantinos K (2022). A comparative study of groundwater vulnerability methods in a porous aquifer in Greece. Applied Water Science 12(6).
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref33">
				<label>33</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Kwami IA, Haruna AI, Mukkafa S, Maigari AS, Bello AM, Usman MB, Umar AD, Justus IO, Sadiq AM, Umar MA (2023). Delineation of aquifer systems and aquifer vulnerability using geoelectrical parameters: A case study of Ashaka cement factory. Results in Earth Sciences 1:100003-100003.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref34">
				<label>34</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Madi M, Boutoutaou D, Pulido-Bosch A (2016). Assessment of aquifer vulnerability using a geophysical approach in hyper-arid zones. A case study (In salah region, Algeria). Saudi Society for Geosciences 4(1):12.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref35">
				<label>35</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Madi M, Meddi M, Boutoutaou D, Pulido-Bosch A (2016). Assessment of aquifer vulnerability using a geophysical approach in hyper-arid zones.A case study (In Salah region, Algeria). Arabian Journal of Geosciences 9(6).
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref36">
				<label>36</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Mohammed MZ, Olorunfemi MO, Idonigie AI (2012). Geoelectric sounding for evaluating soil corrosivity and the vulnerability of porous media aquifers in parts of the chad basin Fadama floodplain, northeastern Nigeria, Journal of Sustainable Development 5(7):111-126.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref37">
				<label>37</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[National Association of Corrosion Engineering (NACE) (1993). Underground corrosion. Publication, The Corrosion/ 93 Symposium 15.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref38">
				<label>38</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Niwas S, Singhal DC (1981). Estimation of aquifer transmissivity from Dar-Zarrock parameters in porous media. Journal of Hydrology 50:393-399.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref39">
				<label>39</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Nyaberi DM (2022). Determination of the aquifer and its hydraulic parameters using vertical electrical sounding, borehole log data and borehole water conductivity: A case study of Olbanita Menengai area, Nakuru, Kenya. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 10(11):204-224.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref40">
				<label>40</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Oki OA, Egai AO, Akana TS (2016). Soil corrosivity assessment in the pre-design of sub-surface water pipe distributary network in Yenagoa, South-South Nigeria using electrical resistivity. Geosciences 6(1):13-20.
				
					View]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref41">
				<label>41</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Ojo JS, Olorunfemi MO, Akintorinwa OJ, Bayode S, Omosuyi GO, Akinluyi FO (2015). Subsoil competence characterization of the Akure metropolis, southwest Nigeria. Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International 3(1):1-14.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref42">
				<label>42</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Oli IC, Opara AI, Okeke OC, Akaolisa CZ, Akakuru OC, Osi-Okeke I, Udeh HM (2022). Evaluation of aquifer hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity of Ezza/Ikwo area, Southeastern Nigeria, using pumping test and surficial resistivity techniques. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 194(10):719.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref43">
				<label>43</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Obasi PN, Akakuru OC, Nweke OM, Okolo CM (2022). Groundwater assessment and contaminant migration in fractured shale aquifers of Abakaliki mining areas, Southeast Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology 58(1):211-227.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref44">
				<label>44</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Opara AI, Eke DR, Onu NN, Ekwe AC, Akaolisa CZ, Okoli AE, Inyang GE (2020). Geo-hydraulic evaluation of aquifers of the Upper Imo River Basin, Southeastern Nigeria using Dar-Zarrouk parameters. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources 5(3):259-275.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref45">
				<label>45</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Opara AI, Edward OO, Eyankware MO, Akakuru OC, Oli IC, Udeh HM (2023). Use of geo-electric data in the determination of groundwater potentials and vulnerability mapping in the southern Benue Trough Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 20(8):8975-9000.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref46">
				<label>46</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Oyinkanola OA, Fajemiroye JA, Tijani BO, Oke DA (2016). Correlation between soil electrical resisitivity and metal corrosion based on soil types for structural designs. Scientific Research Journal 1:2201-2796.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref47">
				<label>47</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Pouye A Faye SC, Didhiou M, Gaye CB, Taylor RG (2022). An evaluation of groundwater vulnerability assessment methods in a rapidly urbanizing city: Evidence from Dakar, Senegal. Environmental Earth Sciences 81(16).
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref48">
				<label>48</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Rim-rukeh A, Awatefe JK (2006). Investigation of soil corrosively in the of low carbon steel pipe in soil. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 2(8):466-469.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref49">
				<label>49</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Sheriff RE (1991). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Exploration Geophysics (3rd Ed.) Geophysical references series 1, Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG), Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref50">
				<label>50</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Short KC, Stauble AJ (1967) Outline of Geology of Niger Delta. AAPG Bulletin 51:761-779
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref51">
				<label>51</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Usman AO, Iheme KO, Chinwuko AI, Azuoko G, Akakuru OC (2022). Hydro-geophysical investigation of groundwater resources within Abakaliki, Lower Benue Trough, Nigeria. COOU Journal of Physical Sciences 5(1):473-492]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref52">
				<label>52</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Urom OO, Opara AI, Usen OS, Akiang FB, Isreal HO, Ibezim JO, Akakuru OC (2021). Electro-geohydraulic estimation of shallow aquifers of Owerri and environs, Southeastern Nigeria using multiple empirical resistivity equations. International Journal of Energy and Water Resources 6(1):15-36.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref53">
				<label>53</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Vogel MM (2008). Exploratory assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution in the Sordo River basin, Northeast Portugal.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
					</ref-list>
	</back>
    </article>