<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.0 20040830//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/2.0/journalpublishing.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="2.0" xml:lang="EN">
  <front>    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title>International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation</journal-title>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2141-243X</issn>      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Academic Journals</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5897/IJBC2023.1587</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title><![CDATA[Contributions of Mount Cameroon National Park (MCNP) activities to livelihood of the local people, South West Region Cameroon]]></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Sebastian</surname>
            <given-names>Iyassa Mosua</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Nkwatoh</surname>
            <given-names>Athanasius Fuashi</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Melle</surname>
            <given-names>Ekane Maurice</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Kamah</surname>
            <given-names>Pascal Bumtu</given-names>
	          </name>	
        	        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
		<corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email xlink:type="simple">iyassamosua1986@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
      	<day>30</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <history>
      			<date date-type="received">
			<day>20</day>
			<month>03</month>
			<year>2023</year>
		</date>
						<date date-type="accepted">
			<day>19</day>
			<month>05</month>
			<year>2023</year>
		</date>
			  </history>
      <volume>15</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
	  	  <fpage>48</fpage>
	  <lpage>69</lpage>
      <permissions>
		<license xlink:type="simple">
			<license-p>
			This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
			</license-p>
		</license>
	  </permissions>
	  <self-uri xlink:href="http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/IJBC/article-abstract/B3FA11170767">
		This article is available from http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/IJBC/article-abstract/B3FA11170767	  </self-uri>
	  <self-uri xlink:href="http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/IJBC/article-full-text-pdf/B3FA11170767">
		The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/IJBC/article-full-text-pdf/B3FA11170767	  </self-uri>
	  
      <abstract><![CDATA[The survival of Protected Areas (PAs) in Cameroon is very much dependent on alternative economic benefits derived by local people living around these areas. This study was set out to assess the contributions of Mount Cameroon National Park (MCNP) activities to livelihood of the local people. To achieve this, a household survey was conducted using simple random sampling technic where each household was given equal opportunity of being selected to take part in the survey. Line transects questionnaires and a selection of some Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools were used to source information. A total of 600 questionnaires were administered in 10 villages. The results showed no significant contribution of MCNP activities to livelihood of the local people. Implemented innovative income programs had not yet attained optimum production level. Household income level was perceived to have increased slightly. Previous income activities that impacted negatively conservation such as small-scale logging and shifting cultivation have been abandoned and replaced mainly by innovative income programs such as agroforestry farming, mixed crop farming and sustainable debarking of Prunus africana. However, the sustainability of the innovative income activities would require a more practical match making approach for management.

	 

	Key words: Protected areas, management, participatory rural appraisal, household income level.]]></abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
      <body/>
    <back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
						<ref id="ref1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Aditi S, Kamaljit SB (2002). Harvesting techniques, hemiparasites and fruit production in two non-timber forest tree species in Soligas of the Biligiri Rangan Hills south India. Forest Ecology and Management 168(1-3):289-300.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Apurba S, Manash PB, Roshan S, Anima K (2017). Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) and their role in livelihood economy of the tribal people in Upper Brahmaputra Valley, Assam India, research article. Research and Reviews: Journal of Botanical Sciences 6(1):1-5.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Beauchamp E, Ingram V (2011). Impact of community forest on livelihood in Cameroon. Lesson from two case studies. International Forest Review 13(4):389-403.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Buckland S, Laake JL, Borchers DL (2010). Double-observer line transect methods. Levels of independence Biometrics 66(2):169-177.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Buckland ST, Summers RW, Borchers DL, Thomas L (2006). Point transect sampling with traps or lures. Journal of Applied Ecology 43(2):377-384.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Cavendish W (2003). How do forests support, insure and improve the livelihoods of the rural poor? A research notes CIFOR.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Cavendish W (1999). Poverty, inequality and environmental resources. Quantitative analysis of rural households. Working paper series 99-9, Centre for the study of African economies, Oxford.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Curtis RM (2014). Access and use of forest resources. Evidence from common property forest management in Swaziland. African Journal of Estate and Property Management 1(1):8-17.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Endamana D, Shepherd G, Neba GA, Angu KA, Bonito CN, Ako CE (2018). Rapid assessment of the value of forest Income for people in Central Africa. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 38(2):1-26.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Fimbel C, Curran B, Usongo L (2000). Enhancing the sustainability of duiker hunting through community participation and controlled access in the Lobk Region of Southeastern Cameroon. In. hunting for sustainability in tropical forests. In: Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests. Robinson JG, Bennett EL, 356-374. Columbia University Press, New York.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref11">
				<label>11</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Gardner CJ, Martin E, Nicoll, Tsibara M, Kirsten LLO, Anitry NR, Joelisoa R, Lily-Arison RR, Malika VS, Bienvienue Z, Zoe GD (2004). Protected areas for conservation and poverty alleviation. Experiences from Madagascar. Journal of applied ecology. British ecology society.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref12">
				<label>12</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Gallmann P, Thomas H (2012). Beekeeping and honey production in southwestern Ethiopia.
				
					View]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref13">
				<label>13</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Holmes G (2007). Protection, politics and protest Understanding resistance to conservation. Conservation and Society 5(2):184-201.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref14">
				<label>14</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[International Union for the Conservation of Nature-IUCN (1994). Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories [Report]. Gland, Switzerland.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref15">
				<label>15</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[IPBES (2019). The global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services: Summary for policy makers.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref16">
				<label>16</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Kgathi DL, Motsholapheko MR (2011). Livelihood activities and income portfolios in rural areas of the Okavango delta, Botswana. In. Rural Livelihoods, risk and political economy, ISBN: 978-1-61122-302-6 (eds), DL Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref17">
				<label>17</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Nkembi L, Njukeng NJ, Ngulefack EF (2022). Assessment of livelihood activities for conservation management in the Deng Deng National Park-Belabo Council Forest Conservation Corridor, East Region of Cameroon. International Journal of Life Science Research Archive 2(1):10-18.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref18">
				<label>18</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Manese MAV, Santa NM, Bukanaung EP (2021). Contribution of pig farming to household in Tenga Subdistrict, South Minahasa District IOP Conf. Series. Earth and Environmental Science 892(1):012016 IOP.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref19">
				<label>19</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Madhu R, Saw H, Than Z, Than M (2010). Hunting, livelihoods and declining wildlife in the Hponkanrazi Wildlife Sanctuary, North Myanmar. Environmental Management 46(2):143-53.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref20">
				<label>20</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Matache CS (2016). Economic importance of ensuring the welfare for farm pigs. In: Agrarian Economy and Rural Development, realities and perspectives for Romania. 7th Edition of the International Symposium. The Research Institute for Agricultural Economy and Rural Development (ICEADR), Bucharest pp. 213-216.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref21">
				<label>21</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Maurice ME, Alex KS, Divine E, Bumtu KP, Chembonui TE, Ebong EL (2022). The Role of a rich landscape vegetation on kob antelope (Kobus kob) group feeding activity in Bouba Ndjidda National Park, North Region, Cameroon. Journal of Ecology and Natural Resources 6(4):000314.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref22">
				<label>22</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Ministry of the Environment and Forestry (MINEF) (1996). National Environment Management Plan. Volume 1 [Main Report]. Yaound, Cameroon.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref23">
				<label>23</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife (MINFOF) (2015). The management plan of the mount Cameroon national park and its peripheral zone.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref24">
				<label>24</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Ministry of Forest and Wildlife (MINFOF) (2013). Decision 0177/D/MINFOF/SG/DFAP/SDVEF/SC of 14 May 2013 updating list of some protected areas classified as ZIC in Cameroon.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref25">
				<label>25</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife (MINFOF) (2009). National directives for management of Prunus africana in Cameroon.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref26">
				<label>26</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Ndenecho EN, Mbue IN (2010). Integrating local livelihood sustenance activities in protected area management. The Case of the Korup National Park, Cameroon. African Journal of Social Sciences 1(2):23-35.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref27">
				<label>27</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Ndenecho EN (2007). Investigating the livelihoods of forest-adjacent communities in forest conservation projects. Case study of Mount Oku, Cameroon. Journal of Applied Social Sciences 6(12):57-78.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref28">
				<label>28</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Nkwatoh AF, Maurice ME, Engongwie J, Fang AZ (2019). An evaluation of poaching and bushmeat off takes in the Ebo Forest Reserve (EFR), Littoral region, Cameroon. Journal of ecology and the natural environment 11(2):14-25.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref29">
				<label>29</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Nvenakeng SA, Rob M (2016). Investigating the role of the local community as co-managers of the Mount Cameroon National Park conservation project. New York Institute for Tropical Ecosystems, Environments 3(4):36.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref30">
				<label>30</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Nvenakeng SA, Rob M (2018). Quantifying local community voices in the decision-making process insights from the Mount Cameroon National Park REDD+ project. Environmental Sociology 4(2):235-252.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref31">
				<label>31</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Ngbo-Ngbangbo LM,Ge J, Nahayo A (2010). Assessment of Socioeconomic factors and stakeholders involved in Dzanga Sangha complex protected area, Central African Republic. Journal of Sustainable Development 3(2):273-290.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref32">
				<label>32</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Oldekop JA, Holmes G, Harris WE, Evans KL (2016). A global assessment of the social and conservation outcomes of protected areas. Conservation Biology 30:133-141.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref33">
				<label>33</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Payton RW (1993). Ecology, altitudinal zonation and conservation of tropical rainforests of Mount Cameroon. Unpublished report to FAO.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref34">
				<label>34</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Raven PH, Gereau RE, Phillipson PB, Chatelain C, Jenkins CN, Ulloa UC (2020). The distribution of biodiversity richness in the tropics. Science Advances 6:eabc6228.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref35">
				<label>35</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Republic of Cameroon (RoC) (1994). Law No 94/01 of 20 January 1994, to lay down forestry, wildlife and fisheries regulations. Yaound, Cameroon.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref36">
				<label>36</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Rossi J (2007). Socio-economic impacts of Community forest management in rural India. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Florida. Florida.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref37">
				<label>37</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Serrat O (2008). The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach. Knowledge and solution. Asian Development Bank conference paper.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref38">
				<label>38</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Sinha A, Bawa KS (2002). Harvesting techniques, hemiparasites and fruits production in two non timber forest tree species in south India. Forest Ecology and Management 168(1):289-300.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref39">
				<label>39</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Spenceley A, Snyman S (2017). Protected area tourism. Progress, innovation and sustainability. Tourism and Hospitality Research 17(1):3-7.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref40">
				<label>40</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Sunderlin WD, Dewi S, Puntodewo A, Muller, Angelsen DA., Epprecht AM (2008). Why forests are important for global poverty alleviation. A spatial explanation. Ecology and Society 13(2):24.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref41">
				<label>41</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Schwartz B, Hoyle D, Nguiffo S (2012). Emerging trends in land-use conflicts in Cameroon. Overlapping natural resource permits threaten protected areas and foreign direct investment [an Ad Hoc Working Paper].]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref42">
				<label>42</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Takem M, Aloysious KL (2020). Protected areas in Cameroon at the mercy of the 2035 emergent project. Natural resource management and biological sciences. IntechOpen.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref43">
				<label>43</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Takem BM, Kaffo C, Fish I (2010). Protected area coverage in Cameroon on the eve of the Convention on Biological Diversity 2010 target. International Forestry Review 12(3).
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref44">
				<label>44</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Tarekegn K, Ayele A (2020). Impact of improved beehives technology adoption on honey production efficiency. Empirical evidence from Southern Ethiopia. Agric and Food Security P 7.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref45">
				<label>45</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Tchouto P (1996). Prunus population on Mount Cameroon. in Glyn D (eds). A strategy for the conservation of Prunus africana on Mount Cameroon. Technical Papers and Workshop Proceedings, Mount Cameroon Project, Limbe pp. 12-18.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref46">
				<label>46</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Tchouto P, Edwards L, Cheek M, Ndam N, Acworth J (1999). Mount Cameroon cloud forest. In Timberlake J, Kativu S (eds.). African Plants. Biodiversity, taxonomy and uses. Royal botanic gardens, kew, UK pp. 263-277.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref47">
				<label>47</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Tchouto P, Mbeng H, Lehrer B (2014). Monitoring and evaluation report of Prunus africana harvesting activities in Block 1, during 2013, Mount Cameroon National Park. Program for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources Cameroon - South-West Region, Buea, Cameroon. Unpublished.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref48">
				<label>48</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Thomas LEN, Williams ROB, Sandilands D (2007). Designing line transect survey for complex regions. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 9(1):1.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref49">
				<label>49</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Ute R (2000). Culture, history and perceptions on resettlement. A baseline study of the six villages in the Korup National Park, consultancy report for the Korup Project - Mundemba, Cameroon 120 p.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref50">
				<label>50</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Urech ZL, Zaehringer JG, Rickenbach O, Sorg JP, Felber HR (2015). Understanding deforestation and forest fragmentation from a livelihood perspective. Madagascar Conservation and Development 10(2):67-76.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref51">
				<label>51</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Ward C, Stringer L, Holmes G (2018). Changing governance, changing inequalities. Protected area co-management and access to forest ecosystem services. A Madagascar case study. Ecosystem Services 30:137-148.
					]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref52">
				<label>52</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) (2018). The lag effect in the World Database on Protected Areas.
				
					View]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref53">
				<label>53</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[World Bank Annual Report (2022). Helping Countries Adapt to a Changing World.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
					</ref-list>
	</back>
    </article>