<!DOCTYPE article
  PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v2.0 20040830//EN" "http://dtd.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/2.0/journalpublishing.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="2.0" xml:lang="EN">
  <front>    <journal-meta>
      <journal-title>African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology </journal-title>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1996-0786</issn>      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Academic Journals</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5897/AJEST2014.1674</article-id>
      <title-group>
        <article-title><![CDATA[Removal of azo dye from water by adsorption using waste residue from alum manufacturing process]]></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple">
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Haimanot</surname>
            <given-names>habte</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Feleke</surname>
            <given-names>Zewge</given-names>
	          </name>	
        		        	<name name-style="western">
	            <surname>Mesfin</surname>
            <given-names>Redi</given-names>
	          </name>	
        	        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
		<corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email xlink:type="simple">haimanot.lemji@uni-rostock.de</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
      	<day>30</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2014</year>
      </pub-date>
      <history>
      			<date date-type="received">
			<day>04</day>
			<month>02</month>
			<year>2014</year>
		</date>
						<date date-type="accepted">
			<day>05</day>
			<month>09</month>
			<year>2014</year>
		</date>
			  </history>
      <volume>8</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
	  	  <fpage>482</fpage>
	  <lpage>490</lpage>
      <permissions>
		<license xlink:type="simple">
			<license-p>
			This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
			</license-p>
		</license>
	  </permissions>
	  <self-uri xlink:href="http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/AJEST/article-abstract/3F1EE7747356">
		This article is available from http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/AJEST/article-abstract/3F1EE7747356	  </self-uri>
	  <self-uri xlink:href="http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/AJEST/article-full-text-pdf/3F1EE7747356">
		The full text article is available as a PDF file from http://politicalwaffle.uk/journal/AJEST/article-full-text-pdf/3F1EE7747356	  </self-uri>
	  
      <abstract><![CDATA[Adsorption techniques are widely used to remove certain groups of pollutants such as dyes which are not amenable to biodegradation and environmentally very problematic. Although commercial activated carbon is a preferred sorbent for color removal, its widespread use is restricted due to high cost. As such, alternative non-conventional sorbents should be investigated. It is well-known that natural materials, waste materials from industry and agriculture, and bio sorbents can be obtained without a cost, therefore could be employed as inexpensive sorbents. Therefore the present investigation reports the adsorptive capacity of an industrial residue for the removal of azo dyes. Batch experiments were carried out for the sorption of the dye onto the adsorbent. The influence of contact time, adsorbent dose, pH and initial dye concentration on the adsorption capacity of the material was studied. Kinetics and adsorption isotherms were also studied to evaluate the rate of dye removal and the capacity of the adsorbent. The equilibrium data best fits freundlich isotherm equation. Adsorption capacity (Kf) and intensity of adsorption (n) as determined by fitting the equilibrium data to freundlich isotherm equation are calculated to be 0.26 and 0.82, respectively. The adsorption process was found to undergo via a pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics with a rate constant of 3.81times;10-3(g /mg / min). The removal of dye was not affected for the initial dye concentration range of 15 to 256 mg/L. An adsorption process; requiring an equilibrium time of 30 h with optimum adsorbent dose of 19 g/L for 77.4% dye removal efficiency was observed at near neutral pH. However, as the pH of water is adjusted from 7 to 9, the dye removal efficiency was greater than 90%. The overall result shows that the industrial by product investigated in this study exhibited a high potential for the removal of dye from aqueous solution.

	 

	Key words: Dye, adsorbent, adsorption isotherms, batch adsorption, removal.]]></abstract>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
      <body/>
    <back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
						<ref id="ref1">
				<label>1</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Alkan M, Demirbas O, Sermet C, Mehmet D (2004). Sorption of acid red 57 from aqueous solution onto sepiolite. J. Hazard. Mater. B116 (2004) 135-145.
				]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref2">
				<label>2</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Asamudo NU, Daba AS, Ezeronye OU (2005). Bioremediation of textile effluent using Phanerochaete chrysosporium. J. Biotechnol. 4:1548-1553.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref3">
				<label>3</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Babel S, Kurniawan TA (2003). Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water, J. Hazard. Mater. 97:219-243.
				]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref4">
				<label>4</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Bhattacharyya KG, Sarma A (2003). Adsorption characteristics of the dye brilliant green on neem leaf powder, J. dyes and pigments, pp.57211-222.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref5">
				<label>5</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Huang CP, Ostovic FB (1978). Cadmium and copper removal by a granular activated carbon. J. Environ. Eng. Div. 5:863-878.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref6">
				<label>6</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Fan X, Parker DJ, Smith MD (2003). Adsorption kinetics of fluoride on low cost materials, J. Water Res. 37:4929-4937.
				]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref7">
				<label>7</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Gupta GS, Prasad G, Panday KK, Singh VN (1988). Removal of chrome dye from aqueous solutions by fly ash, J. Water, Air and Soil Pollut. 37:13-24.
				]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref8">
				<label>8</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Harris RG, Well JD, Johnson BB (2001). Selective adsorption of dyes and other organic molecule to kaolinite and oxide surfaces, Colloid Surf. A: physicochem. Eng. Aspects 180:131-140.
				]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref9">
				<label>9</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Galster J, Hansen OC (1998). Survey of azocolorants in Denmark: consumption, use, health. Danish EPA.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref10">
				<label>10</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Yeheyes K, Zewge F, Chandravanshi BS (2005). Dye removal from textile effluents by coagulation using locally produced alum. J. hazard. Mater. Pp.151.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref11">
				<label>11</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Streat M, Patrick JW, Perez MJC (1995). Sorption of phenol and parachlorophenol from water using conventional and novel activated carbon, J. Wat. Res. 29:467.
				]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref12">
				<label>12</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Pola A, Tokat E, Erkaya H (2003). Removal of some reactive dyes from textile processing using powdered activated carbon, J. Chem. Eng. Pp.114-122.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref13">
				<label>13</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Rao SM, Sridharan A (1984). Clays and Clay Minerals, J. clay mineral society, 32:414.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref14">
				<label>14</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Slokar Ym, Le- marechal A (1998). Methods of decoloration of textile wastewater dyes and Pigments, J. dyes and pigments, 37:335-356.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref15">
				<label>15</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Strickland AF (1995). Decolorization of continuous dyeing wastewater by ozonation, J. Tex. Chem. Color. 27:11-15.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
						<ref id="ref16">
				<label>16</label>
				<mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">
				<![CDATA[Wallace TH (2001). Biological treatment of synthetic dye water and an industrial textile wastewater containing azo dye compounds. M.Sc. Thesis, June 18, Black burg, Virginia.]]>
				</mixed-citation>
			</ref>
					</ref-list>
	</back>
    </article>