Uterotonic and estrogenic effects of Petiveria alliacea leaves decoction
January 2026
Petiveria alliacea L. (Phytolaccaceae) leaves have traditionally been used in southern Benin by birth attendants, either applied as a triturated massage on the stomach and hips or taken as a decoction, to facilitate childbirth. These traditional practices, however, are not aligned with conventional medical methods. This study aimed to evaluate the uterotonic and estrogenic effects of a decoction of P. alliacea leaves to...
Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used in the management of breast and cervical cancers by the traditional healers (THs) in Burkina Faso
January 2026
Traditional medicine is a common practice among Indigenous populations for treating various diseases. Its use has increased, particularly for challenging diseases such as cancer, where conventional treatments often fall short. Breast and cervical cancers are the most common cancers among women in Burkina Faso. This study aims to document the traditional remedies and plant species used by traditional healers (THs) in the...
Pharmacognostic and anti-inflammatory studies of the stem bark of Pseudocedrela kotschyi Scheinf Harms (Meliaceae)
September 2025
The aim of this study was to provide useful diagnostic parameters for the standardization of the plant and also to scientifically validate its acclaimed traditional use. Detailed macroscopy and microscopy studies were carried out using standard methods. Anti-inflammatory activity of the methanol crude extract was investigated using the egg-albumin induced oedema test. The stem bark has bitter taste, rough texture,...
Pharmacognostic and dermatological insights into Oryza sativa: A comprehensive review of its skin benefits and bioactive compounds
August 2025
Oryza sativa (rice), a vital cereal crop consumed worldwide, has gained increasing recognition in dermatological and cosmetic sciences due to its rich profile of bioactive constituents. This review highlights the pharmacognostic attributes of rice and its relevance in skin care applications. Various parts of the rice plant, particularly the bran, husk, and germ, contain a spectrum of phytochemicals including phenolic...
Chromone C-glucosides and a new triterpene fatty acid diester from Cameroonian propolis extracts with anticonvulsant activity in chemical models of seizures
August 2025
Three secondary metabolites: 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methylchromone-6-C-β-D-glucopyranoside (compound 1); 5,7-dihydroxy-2-methylchromone-8-C-β-D-glucopyranoside (compound 2); and 1″-eicosanyl-3β-longispinogenin heptadecanedioate (compound 3) were isolated from propolis n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)...
Neuropharmacological evaluation with phytochemical screening in different parts of Acampe papillosa (Lindl.) Lindl. on Swiss albino mice
July 2025
Phytochemical screening of fifteen secondary metabolites and neuropharmacological activity, including cytotoxic, analgesic, and anxiolytic or central nervous system (CNS) depressant properties of Acampe papillosa (Lindl.) Lindl, an epiphytic, medicinally important orchid species, has been evaluated for its medicinal potential for neurological activity. Secondary metabolites profiling includes alkaloids, anthroquinone,...
Antimalarial effects of Diospyros chamaethamnus and Guibourtia coleosperma extracts in mice with Plasmodium berghei malaria
June 2025
The development of effective antimalarials remains crucial due to ineffective treatments, increasing drug resistance, and restricted access to these drugs in resource-poor malaria-endemic countries. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of Diospyros chamaethamnus and Guibourtia coleosperma based on their traditional uses. Efficacy of the extracts was evaluated against Plasmodium berghei in Swiss albino mice using...
Formulation of anti-acne herbal topicals based on Ocimum gratissimum and Aloe vera
January 2025
Acne is a dermatosis of the pilosebaceous follicles usually treated with topicals. Aloe vera and Ocimum gratissimum are used in traditional medicine to treat this condition. The aim of this study was to formulate and compare the anti-acne efficacy of a hydrogel and an emugel based on Aloe vera and O. gratissimum. Three herbal topicals containing A. vera gel associated with respectively 5% of essential oil of O....
In vivo and ex vivo antihyperglycemic activity of the hydroethanolic extract of Cassia sieberiana DC roots
December 2024
Cassia sieberiana DC, a plant from the Fabaceae family, is traditionally used by inhabitants of southern Togo to treat diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to investigate the antihyperglycemic activity of the hydroethanolic extract of C. sieberiana roots. The extract was tested on blood glucose levels in fasting and orally induced hyperglycemic ICR mice in vivo. Phytochemical screening was performed using chemical...
People’s perceptions about the availability and importance of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Zepern. & Timler, an anti-sickle-cell herbal in Burkina Faso, West Africa
October 2024
This study aims to assess the importance and availability of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Zepern. & Timler, a plant confined to the western region of Burkina Faso and used as an alternative herbal remedy for sickle cell disease. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 60 volunteers from western Burkina Faso in May 2021. The interviews focused on the knowledge of the plant, its socio-economic importance,...
Effect of seasonal variations on the secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities of Bridelia ferruginea, Lippia multiflora, and Azadirachta indica leaves
March 2024
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the annual seasonal variations in Ghana on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant properties of the leaves of Bridelia ferruginea (BF), Lippia multiflora (LM), and Azadirachta indica (AI). The medicinal plants were collected at the end of each quarter from September 2021 to June 2022, representing four seasons. The phytochemical constituents of the samples...
Topical wound healing activity of an ointment based hydroethanolic leaf extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus
March 2024
Anogeissus leiocarpus is a plant used in the local West African pharmacopeia. This study aimed to evaluate the healing properties of the hydro-ethanol extract of its leaves in Wistar rats. A 1.5 cm diameter excision wound model was used. Wistar rats were treated post-excision by the topical application of petroleum jelly alone, also known as 'Vaseline', petroleum jelly supplemented with 3% (ALHE-3%) and 10%...
Determination of in vitro thrombolytic activity in isolated flavonoids of plant Madras Nelli
November 2023
The study is regarded for standardization of aerial parts of the plant Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L., phytochemical investigations, isolation of flavonoids and evaluation for thrombolytic activity of alcoholic extract and butanolic fraction of alcoholic extract. Standardization study includes macroscopy, microscopy and determination of proximate values and phytochemical investigations include extraction of coarsely...
In vitro anthelmintic activity of methanol extracts of selected Kenyan medicinal plants against Haemonchus contortus
October 2023
Helminthiasis causes losses in livestock production, and anthelminthics are used to treat helmintic infections. Resistance has necessitated the need for development of more effective alternatives. Plants offer a promising alternative and, in Meru County, traditional plant-based treatments for helminthiasis have been used, although there is a lack of scientific proof of their efficacy. The aim of this study was to...
Physicochemical, phytochemical and pharmacognostical parameters of a herbal plant Dracaena steudneri Engl.
September 2023
Dracaena steudneri Engl. (family Dracaenaceae) has been used in managing various health conditions. This study evaluated its pharmacognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical parameters. The physicochemical analysis was done using WHO recommended parameters such as moisture content, ash values (total ash, water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash) and extractive values. Phytochemical screening was done by methods described...
Therapeutic uses of stingless bee honey by traditional medicine practitioners in Baringo County, Kenya
December 2022
African traditional medicine knowledge, skills and practices have often been passed verbally from the older generation to the younger generation. However, the current traditional medicine practitioners (TMPs) are rapidly aging, while the younger generation is not taking up the practice. Therefore, this study aimed at documenting the therapeutic uses of stingless bee honey among TMPs in Baringo County. Briefly, 91 TMPs...
Evaluation of the phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant potential of Bauhinia monandra Kurz (Fabaceae)
December 2022
This work was carried out to evaluate the total phenolic content and antioxidant potential (2,2-di-phenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] and ferric reducing antioxidant power [FRAP] methods) of Bauhinia monandra through its organs (leaves, stems and roots). The results showed fluctuating contents with a dominance in the leaves of total phytophenols in the crude hydromethanolic and selective AcOEt extracts (57.344 ±...
Bioactive evaluation for wound healing of stem back extracts of Acacia nilotica Linn. (Fabaceae)
November 2022
Acacia nilotica (Linn) is an important medicinal plant, found in Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent as well as in Sokoto State, Nigeria. It has been utilized to treat wounds and intestinal disorders among other uses. It has been estimated that nearly 6 million people suffer from chronic wounds worldwide. Even though several conventional drugs are known to increase healing in different kinds of...
Hydroalcoholic extract of Adansonia digitata’s trunk bark, in topical application, possess in vivo wound healing and in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities
September 2022
Adansonia digitata is a tree plant used in west African local pharmacopoeia. This work aimed to evaluate the wound healing properties of its trunk bark’s hydroethanolic extract in wistar rats. The model of excision wound was used. Wistar rats were treated post-excision topically with neutral carbopol gel (Control), carbopol gels containing 2.5 and 5% of A. digitata hydroethanolic trunk bark extract (ADHE) and...
Antitumoral effect of Striga hermonthica (Delile) Benth. methanolic extract is mediated by alterations on procaspase-3 and cyclin B expression in prostate cancer cell lines
April 2022
Cancer is one of the major public health problems of the 21st century. Its incidence is increasing in both developed and low-income countries. This trend is justified by the change in people's lifestyles. Cancer of the prostate is one of major cancer types affecting male population. The present study focused on the use of methanolic extract of Striga hermonthica (Delile) Benth. to evaluate total phenolics and...
Comparative pharmacognostic and chromatographic assessment of COVID-ORGANICS (CVO) herbal product and Artemisia annua L.
October 2021
Many claims from herbal medicines have been developed to manage COVID-19. Tests for identity and purity are important parameters in the quality assurance of herbal medicines. The aim of this study is to confirm the presence of Artemisia annua as a component of COVID-ORGANICS, an acclaimed herbal product for the management of COVID-19 in comparism with A. annua cultivated at NIPRD, Abuja, Nigeria. Pharmacognostic and...
Laurus nobilis leaves extract protects against high fat diet-induced type 2 Diabetes in rats
September 2021
Laurus nobilis, commonly known as bay, is used in folk medicine as a remedy for many ailments. The present study investigates the protective effect of L. nobilis leaves extract against high fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes in rats. Animals were divided into group 1 (control), groups 2, 3, and 4 (bay leaves aqueous (AQ) extracts; 50, 100, and 250 mg/kg of body weight, respectively), and groups 5, 6, and 7 (bay leaves...
Medicinal plant-derived compounds as potential phytotherapy forCOVID-19: Future perspectives
August 2021
Currently, the human being faces a contagious virus called SARS-CoV-2 with a high transmission ability, infection, and a relatively high mortality rate, especially for the elderly. All research interest is directed to finding a drug or vaccine to save millions of people’s lives; some have succeeded and applied now in some countries. Medicinal plants represent a green treasure that renders plentiful primary and...
Quality control standardization and evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of the leaves and stem bark of Amphimas pterocarpoides harms (Leguminosae)
April 2021
Amphimas pterocarpoides is used traditionally for the treatment of oedema, infections, malaria and skin diseases. This study described pharmacognostic and physicochemical parameters of the leaf and stem bark. The carrageenan-induced foot oedema and the baker’s yeast-induced pyrexia were used to assess the anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities respectively. The leaf of A. pterocarpoides is oddly pinnate...
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles through reduction with Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham., stem bark extract: Characterization and antimicrobial activity
April 2021
Nanoparticles, because of their diversified applications in the field of modern medicine, have gained a lot of importance thrust area. In the present investigation, synthesis and characterization of Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and their antimicrobial effect on certain pathogenic bacteria were studied. AgNPs were prepared by green synthesis process using stem extract of Euphorbia nivulia, from 1 mM AgNO3 solution. The...
Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical characterization, and antibacterial activity of Grewia tenax and Albizia anthelmintica extracts against multidrug-resistant pneumonia-causing bacteria
March 2021
The use of Grewia tenax and Albizia anthelmintica in treating different ailments is attracting significant attention as a primary health care option in Namibia. This study aims to document their ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumonia, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus aureus. The ethnobotanical uses of G. tenax...
Epidemiological status of coronavirus diseases and the remedy potentials of medicinal plants in Africa
March 2021
This work aims to explore the epidemiological status of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and assemblage of various plant species that have prophylactic or therapeutic potentials on the disease. Epidemiological data were obtained from various health authorities worldwide and articles (totaling 103) published in standard journals from 2002-2020 on medicinal plants used in treating the disease and similar diseases....
Bee propolis: Production optimization and applications in Nigeria
March 2021
Propolis is a resinous substance produced by bees with a wide range of medicinal uses. It is collected by bees from buds, leaves and bark exudates of several plants in both tropical and temperate regions. Propolis is sometimes referred to as “bee glue” as it is produced by bees for sealing and protection of their hives. Exploration and research into propolis and its biologically active constituents is...
Influence of extracellular calcium on in vitro uterine muscle contractions stimulated by acetone leaf extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa
January 2021
The effect of extracellular calcium on isolated uterine muscle contractions stimulated by acetone leaf extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa was investigated in a rat. About 12 m segment of the uterine muscle strip was mounted initially in a thermostatically regulated organ bath (37°C) containing normal Physiological Salt Solution (PSS; De Jalon) and later inphysiological salt solution devoid of CaCl2. The extract...
Bioactive compounds and antimicrobial potential of the roots extract of Anogeissus leiocarpa, a chewing stick used for oral care in Benin Republic
October 2020
Chewing stick are still used in developing countries for oral hygiene in other to prevent oral diseases. But still, few is known about their phytochemical potential and antimicrobial activity. The present work was devoted to one of these plants used in the Republic of Benin, namely the root of Anogeissus leiocarpa. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods were used for...
Uncaria guianensis (Aubl.) J.F. Gmel. extracts reduce bronchial hyper responsiveness and inflammation in a murine model of asthma
October 2020
Uncaria guianensis (Aubl.) J. F. Gmel. (“cat’s claw”, Rubiaceae) is a plant with potential to treat asthma because of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two extracts of U. guianensis in an animal model of allergic asthma. Balb/c mice were sensitized twice with ovalbumin intraperitoneally one week apart, then challenged with intranasal...
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of hydroethanolic extracts from leaves and roots of Cochlospermum planchonii (Bixaceae)
October 2020
Cochlospermum planchonii is traditionally used in Togo in treating several diseases, including burn wounds which achievement requires anti-infective and good cicatrisation processes. This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of hydroethanolic extracts from leaves and roots of C. planchonii and its phytochemical composition. Five (05) bacterial strains were suspended in liquid media with plant extracts at...
In-ovo biological activity of Boswellia dalzielii stem bark extract and fractions against Newcastle disease virus
August 2020
Newcastle disease remains a disease of global concern and serious economic challenge to the poultry industry because of its high mortality rate, in spite of the various intervention programs including vaccination. This research is aimed at studying the antiviral activity of the extract and fractions of Boswellia dalzielii against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) using chicken embryonated eggs. Phytochemical analysis was...
Hypoglycaemic activity of preheated (roasting) Aframomum citratum (C. Pereira) K. Schum and Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach & Thonn.) fruits beverage on Streptozotocin-induced rats
May 2020
Tetrapleura tetraptera and Aframomum citratum fruits are used as spices and in the traditional pharmacopeia in Cameroon. They are mostly combined and preheated for many purposes while cooking. The effects of roasting on the phenolic content of spices, phenolic profile of a beverage made with the mix of roasted spices and its hypoglycaemic activity on diabetes complications were investigated. Aqueous extract (infusion:...
Phytochemical profiling, body weight effect and anti-hypercholesterolemia potentials of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaf extracts in male albino rat
April 2020
The present study investigated the phytochemical constituents of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaves extracts and its anti-hypercholesterolemia potentials using standard analytical methods. Forty five male albino rats weighing (115-121 g), divided into nine groups of five rats were used. Group I served as the control while the other groups were administered 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg body weight of aqueous and...
Antioxidant and alpha amylase inhibitory activity of Nepalese medicinal plants from Gorkha district
April 2020
The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant activity, α-amylase inhibition activity, estimation of total phenolic and flavonoid content and the toxicity in ten medicinal plants Woodfordia fructicosa, Tectaria coadunate, Prunus cerasoides, Abrus precatorius, Eclipta prostrate, Poranopsis paniculata, Chenopodium album, Oroxylum indicum, Curcuma caesia, and Butea monosperma collected from Gorkha District of...
Macroscopic and microscopic features of diagnostic value for Warburgia ugandensis Sprague leaf and stem-bark herbal materials
April 2020
Warbugia ugandensis is among the ten most utilized medicinal plants in East Africa. Stem-bark and leaves are used as remedies for malaria, stomachache, coughs and several skin diseases. Consequently, the plant is endangered because of uncontrolled harvest from the wild and lack of domestication. There is therefore fear of poor quality commercialized products due to lack of quality control mechanisms. The objective of...
Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and antidiarrhoeal activities of methanol extract of Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl
March 2020
The present study determined phytochemical content, antioxidant and antidiarrhoeal effect of methanol extract of Fimbristylis miliacea. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides. Total phenolic, flavonoids, flavonols, tannins, β-carotene, lycopene, chlorophyll-α, and chlorophyll-β contents were found 154.13 mg GAE/g, 83.14 mg...
Review on biological and immunomodulatory properties of Moringa oleifera in animal and human nutrition
February 2020
Moringa oleifera, also called "miracle tree" or "tree for life" is a tree native from India. Highly resistant to drought, M. oleifera grows very well in tropical regions, including Benin. It is a plant with very high nutritional values. The different parts of the plant (leaves, fruiots, seeds, roots, bark and flowers) have multiple uses, both therapeutic and nutritional, with uses in human and...
Pharmacognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation of the leaves of Fadogia cienkowski Schweinf (Rubiaceae)
October 2019
Fadogia cienkowskii is a shrub used in folklore medicine. Evaluations of the leaves were carried out to determine the macroscopic, microscopic, chemomicroscopic, physicochemical and phytochemical profiles using standard methods. The macroscopic examination revealed fresh leaves are green, odourless with a bitter taste. The leaf is oblong-elliptic in shape and sub-acute at apex; rounded at the base with entire margin....
Tea tree oil a new natural adjuvant for inhibiting glioblastoma growth
October 2019
Tea Tree oil (TTO), the essential oil from the Australian native Melaleuca alternifolia has demonstrated a variety of beneficial efficacies including antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral and anti-inflammatory. This report discusses data obtained on the in vitro activity of TTO on human glioblastoma cells U87MG. Cell viability was examined by 2-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-3,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide MTT assay....
A comparative study of phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of Sahelian plants used in the treatment of infectious diseases in northern part of Burkina Faso: Acacia seyal Delile and Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne subsp. raddiana (Savi)
October 2019
Acacia seyal and Acacia tortilis are used in the treatment of infectious diseases in traditional medicine by population in Northern Burkina Faso. Phytochemical screening by tube test and on HPTLC plates showed the presence of important chemical compounds in these plants. Determination of total phenolic content using method of Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent (FCR) and antioxidant activity by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)...
Phytochemistry, acute toxicity and blood profile of albino rats treated with fruit extract of Solanum macrocarpon
September 2019
Phytochemical screening of the methanolic fruit extract of Solanum macrocarpon was performed using standard method. Eighteen male albino mice, assigned into six groups (n=3) were used to determine the acute toxicity (LD50) of the extract. Haematological effect of the extract was determined using forty eight adult male rats assigned into four groups (A-D; n=12). The treatment groups received daily oral administration of...
The effect of blending of extracts of Sudanese Adansonia digitata and Tamarindus indica on their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities
August 2019
Adansonia digitata (Bombacaceae) and Tamarindus indica (Fabaceae) are the most popular herbal products in Sudan; they are used as food ingredients and in traditional treatments of various diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate phytochemical contents, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of plants fruit, leaf and bark ethanolic extracts. The phytochemical screening of different extracts...
Immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides isolated from plants used as antimalarial in Mali
August 2019
Medicinal plants used against malaria in Mali have previously been tested for their antiplasmodial activities using their organic solvent and water extracts. As the healers mainly use the water extracts for their treatments of malaria-patients, our aim was to study the water-soluble components from Malian plants used for treatment of malaria. Argemone mexicana (aerial parts), Sarcocephalus latifolius (root bark), Vitex...
UHPLC-DAD characterization of bioactive secondary metabolites from Ocimum americanum and Pupalia lappacea extracts: Antioxidant activity and antihypertensive effects on L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats
July 2019
Ocimum americanum L. (Lamiaceae) and Pupalia lappacea (L) Juss. (Amaranthaceae) are two plants used in Bénin to manage hypertension. Little scientific data is available on the antihypertensive properties of these plants. Therefore, we investigated the antihypertensive potential of ethanolic extracts of O. americanum and P. lappacea on L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats. The DPPH free radical scavenging potential,...
Phytochemical investigation and assessment of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Sudanese Citrus paradisi peel extract
January 2019
The peel of grape fruit is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of peel extract from Citrus paradisi. Qualitative phytochemical screening of peel indicates the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols, triterpenes, tannins, saponins, coumarins, glycosides, reducing sugars,...
Ethnobotanical survey of plants traditionally used for malaria prevention and treatment in indigenous villages of Tepi Town South West Ethiopia
January 2019
Increased resistance to insecticides and established drugs by malaria vectors necessitate the search for alternative cost-effective malaria control tools in the Ethiopia. Traditional remedies are the most important source of therapeutics of the population and more than 85% of the traditional medical preparations in Ethiopia are of plant origin. As the Ethiopian indigenous medicinal plants' knowledge and diversity is...
Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of different morphotypes of Corchorus olitorius L. leaves in the central region of Benin Republic (West Africa)
December 2018
Corchorus olitorius L. which belongs to Tiliaceae family is a cultivated herbaceous plant highly consumed as traditional leafy vegetables in Benin. Extracts from samples of different morphotypes leaves of this species were analysed for their phytochemical compositions, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities. On each sample extract, qualitative phytochemical tests were used to detect the presence of bioactive molecules...
High performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) profiling, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities of ethanol leaf extract of Berlinia grandiflora (Vahl) Hutch. & Dalziel
November 2018
Berlinia grandiflora is used for managing numerous ailments including tumor in South-west, Nigeria. The phytochemical contents, antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of B. grandiflora leaf were determined in this study. The absolute ethanol extract was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The antioxidant activity was carried out by standard analytical methods. The...
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